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Space Invaders

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Space Invaders is a shoot 'em up video game designed by Tomohiro Nishikado and released by Taito for arcades in 1978. It released for Japan in April 1978,[1] then North America in October 1978,[2][3] and then Europe in November 1978.[4] It was the first blockbuster in video game history, saving the video game industry[5] following the video game crash of 1977 and beginning the golden age of arcade games. It soon became the highest‑grossing video game of all time,[6] and is considered the most influential video game of all time.

The game is estimated to have grossed over $13 billion in revenue, equivalent to about $31 billion adjusted for inflation. This makes it the highest-grossing video game of all time adjusted for inflation. In terms of nominal gross (without inflation), it was also the highest-grossing video game up until its record was surpassed by Dungeon Fighter Online in the 2010s. In terms of units sold, Space Invaders sold more than 9 million units and was the best-selling video game up until its cartridge sales record was surpassed by Pac-Man in 1982. Originally owned by Taito, the Space Invaders IP has been owned by Square Enix since their acquisition of Taito in 2005.

Sales and revenue[]

Platform Market Years(s) Unit sales Gross revenue (est.) Ref
Nominal Inflation
Arcade Cabinet sales 1978—1981 757,030 $2,510,100,000 $8,700,000,000 [7]
Arcade Japan 1978 100,000 $600,000,000 [8]
1979 300,000 $960,000,000 [9][7][10]
United Kingdom 1978—1979 85,000 $270,000,000 [7][11]
United States 1978—1979 65,000 $160,000,000 [12][13]
1980—1981 7,000 $18,000,000 [14][13]
Sydney 1978—1979 3,000 $12,000,000 [15][16]
China 1980 Unknown Unknown [17]
Hong Kong 1981 30+ $100,000 [18]
Other territories 1978—1979 197,000 $490,000,000 [7][13][19]
Arcade Coin drop earnings 1978—1982 $8,546,440,000 $28,000,000,000
Arcade Japan 1978—1980 — $3,500,000,000 [20][10][21]
United States 1978—1982 — $2,900,000,000 [22][23]
1983 — $94,000,000 [24]
United Kingdom 1978—1979 — $600,000,000 [7][11]
1980 — $1,000,000,000 [25]
1981 — $300,000,000 [26]
Malaysia 1979 — Unknown [27]
Sydney 1979 — $35,000,000 [28]
Australia 1980 — $110,000,000 [29]
Sydney 1981 — $7,000,000 [16]
Hong Kong 1981 — $440,000 [18]
Atari VCS / 2600 United States 1980—1990 6,391,579 $200,586,437 $770,000,000
Atari VCS United States 1980 1,318,655 $42,131,030 [30][31]
1981 2,964,137 $95,000,000
Atari VCS / 2600 United States 1982 1,373,033 $44,000,000
1983 435,353 $14,000,000
1984 14,350 $460,000
Atari 2600 United States 1986 17,523 $52,593 [32]
1987 65,148 $250,418
1988 29,717 $170,097
1989 36,308 $99,249
1990 12,355 $23,050
Atari VCS United Kingdom 1980 125,000 $4,400,000 [33][34]
Atari 5200 United States 1986—1989 41,791 $208,780 $600,000
Atari 5200 United States 1986 36,801 $184,138 [32]
1987 4,902 $24,510
1989 88 $132
Atari XE United States 1986—1990 5,482 $46,933 $130,000
Atari XE United States 1986 150 $1,126 [32]
1987 3,082 $23,811
1988 2,095 $20,812
1989 71 $698
1990 84 $486
Nintendo DS Japan / USA 2005—2009 89,812
Nintendo DS Japan 2005—2009 31,812 [35]
United States 2005—2009 58,000 [36]
PSP Japan / USA 2008—2009 36,500
PSP Japan 2008 2,500 [35]
United States 2008—2009 34,000 [36]
Other platforms Japan / USA 1981—2023 1,749,912+ $22,000,000 $47,000,000
Intellivision United States 1981—1983 931,100 [37]
Super Famicom Japan 1994—1995 366,013 $21,000,000 [35][38]
PlayStation United States 1999—2002 234,706 [39]
Nintendo 64 United States 1999—2002 106,305 [39]
PlayStation 2 Japan 2003 63,039 [40]
Xbox Live Arcade Worldwide 2008—2012 46,771 [41]
Seiko Watch Worldwide 2023 1,978 $1,000,000 [42]
Total Worldwide 1978—2023 9,072,106+ $13,930,000,000 $31,000,000,000 [43]

History[]

Development[]

Space Invaders was developed by Japanese designer Tomohiro Nishikado, from early 1977 to early 1978.[44] He spent a year designing the game and developing the necessary arcade hardware to produce it at Taito.[45] The game was a culmination of gameplay concepts from Nishikado's previous work on earlier Taito arcade shooters,[46][47] including the electro-mechanical games[47] Sky Fighter (1970) and Space Monster (1972)[48] and the video games Western Gun (1975)[49][46][50] and Interceptor (1975).[51] The basic concept of shooting at and destroying enemy targets comes from Sky Fighter, Space Monster, and Interceptor, while the destructible cover mechanic comes from Western Gun (known as Gun Fight in North America).[47] In addition, Nishikado drew inspiration from Atari's 1976 arcade video game Breakout (in turn similar to Sega's 1972 electro-mechanical arcade game Stunt Car),[52] noting its sense of achievement and tension from destroying targets one at a time[45][53] and its visual layout.[46] While earlier games allowed the player to destroy targets, Space Invaders was the first in which multiple enemy targets could fire back at the player.[54]

The game's sci-fi theme was inspired by the Japanese anime series Space Battleship Yamato (1974),[55][56] which inspired the basic premise of a spaceship fighting for humanity's survival against alien invaders. Nishikado also read a magazine feature about Star Wars (1977), prior to its Japanese release, which led Nishikado to believe space themes would became a major trend in popular culture.[45][53] The alien enemy designs were inspired by the novel War of the Worlds.

Release[]

The game was complete by January 1978, when the game made its first appearance at an arcade industry event. It initially received a mixed response from industry professionals due to its difficulty. But by Summer 1978, it had become hugely popular among the Japanese public. By 1979, the game was grossing up to ¥2.6 billion ($12 million) per day. This was comparable to sales of Honda cars, making Taito one of the top ten biggest Japanese companies at the time. Space Invaders was the biggest arcade hit in Japan.[57]

At the height of its popularity in Japan during 1978 to 1979, the amount of 100 yen coins being used in the machines led to serious concerns from Japanese banks and politicians that it could cause a national shortage of 100 yen coins. To prevent this, Japanese banks temporarily increased the monthly circulation of 100 yen coins to keep up with demand and then took measures to keep coins in constant circulation, eventually leading to coin circulation being stabilized.[58]

In the United States by early 1982, the game had been played by around 70-80% of students.[59]

Impact[]

Space Invaders is considered the most influential video game of all time.[60] As the first shoot 'em up, Space Invaders set precedents and helped pave the way for future titles and for the shooter genre.[61][62] Space Invaders popularized a more interactive style of gameplay, with the enemies responding to the player-controlled cannon's movement,[53] and was the first video game to popularize the concept of achieving a high score,[48][63][61] being the first to save the player's score.[61] While earlier shooting games allowed the player to shoot at targets, Space Invaders was the first in which multiple enemies could fire back at the player,[54] and in contrast to earlier arcade games which often had a timer, Space Invaders introduced the concept of levels, "going round after round."[64] It was also the first game where players were given multiple lives,[65] had to repel hordes of enemies,[66] could take cover from enemy fire, and use destructible barriers,[67] in addition to being the first game to use a continuous background soundtrack, with four simple diatonic descending bass notes repeating in a loop, which was dynamic and changed pace during stages,[68] like a heartbeat sound that increases pace as enemies approached.[69]

Space Invaders set the template for action games, as it was the first single-player video game to involve a lone protagonist fighting against multiple hostile enemies. While earlier shooting games allowed players to shoot enemy targets, Space Invaders was the first to allow multiple enemies to fire back at the player, revolutionizing action games.[70] Its blockbuster success helped action games become the dominant genre in the video game industry.[71] Space Invaders is considered the archetypal action game, as most single-player action games still follow the "one versus many" formula established by Space Invaders.[70]

Guinness World Records recognized Space Invaders as the most successful arcade shooting game by 2008.[63] Space Invaders set the template for the shoot 'em up genre.[72] Its worldwide success created a demand for a wide variety of science fiction games, inspiring the development of arcade games, such as Atari's Asteroids,[73] Williams Electronics' Defender, and Namco's Galaxian and Galaga, which were modeled after Space Invaders' gameplay and design.[74][75] This influence could be said to extend to most shooting games released to the present day,[66] including first-person shooters (FPS) such as Wolfenstein,[76][77] Doom,[78] Halo[79] and Call of Duty.[80] Space Invaders also influenced other genres, including maze games such as Sega's Head On (1979) which adopted the concept of "going round after round" instead of a timer,[64] and early computer dungeon crawl games such as Dungeons of Daggorath, which used similar heartbeat sounds to indicate player health.[69]

Franchise[]

Space Invaders Part II[]

Space Invaders Part II was an arcade update developed by Taito and released in 1979. In Japan, it was released in July 1979. It North America, it made its debut as Space Invaders II and Space Invaders Deluxe at the 6th annual Western Amusement Games Exhibit on November 30, 1979,[81] followed by Midway's wide release as Space Invaders Deluxe in December 1979.[82][83]

Clones[]

Space Invaders spawned many clones. By 1980, there were a hundred Space Invaders clones across the world.[84] It continued to spawn clones for generations.[70]

IPM (Irem) released a clone of Space Invaders Part II called IPM Invader in 1979.[85] It sold 50,000 arcade cabinets.[86]

Pinball[]

The game was adapted by Bally into a pinball machine called Space Invaders, released in April 1980. It sold 11,400 units,[87] at about $2,000 each.[88] It was the third highest-grossing pinball machine in 1980.[89]

Parody film[]

The game inspired a parody film, Spaced Invaders (1990). It grossed $15.4 million at the US box office.[90]

Roller coaster[]

Space Invader was a roller coaster at England's Blackpool Pleasure Beach, where it opened in 1984. It carried around 500,000 passengers per year up until 2000. However, the ride drew controversy following a fatal incident in 2000.[91]

The ride was closed in 2000 and then refurbished as Space Invader 2 in 2004. The ride was later closed in 2008 and then re-opened as Astro Storm at Brean Leisure Park in 2011.

References[]

  1. ↑ "Space Invaders (Registration Number PA0000120007)". United States Copyright Office. Retrieved 1 June 2021.
  2. ↑ "Chicago Chatter" (PDF). Cash Box. Cash Box Pub. Co. 1979-09-08. p. 43.
  3. ↑ https://www.worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Cash-Box/70s/1978/CB-1978-11-11.pdf#page=14
  4. ↑ Meades, Alan (2022-10-25). "5: Pings, Pongs, and Pioneers". Arcade Britannia: A Social History of the British Amusement Arcade. The MIT Press. pp. 121–44. ISBN 978-0-262-37234-3.
  5. ↑ https://www.worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Cash-Box/70s/1979/CB-1979-12-29.pdf#page=122
  6. ↑ "The top 100 video games: 1. Space Invaders". Flux. No. 4. April 1995. pp. 24–5.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 "After Pong". ACE. No. 6 (published 4 February 1988). March 1988. pp. 29-32 (29).
  8. ↑ "Can Asteroids Conquer Space Invaders?". Electronic Games 1 (1): 30-33 (31). Winter 1981. https://www.digitpress.com/library/magazines/electronic_games/electronic_games_winter81.pdf#page=31. Retrieved February 1, 2012.
  9. ↑ "インベーダーブームのときの店舗比率 (Store Ratio During the Invader Boom)" (in Japanese). 2009-02-14.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Koyama, Yusuke (2023-06-02). History of the Japanese Video Game Industry. Springer Nature. p. 21. ISBN 978-981-99-1342-8. The price of the first monochrome version of the table cabinet was 460,000 yen (580,000 yen for the color version released later), but in a single day, it generated 20,000–30,000 yen. In less than a month, game center can make their investment money back, and the rest will be all cash income.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Durham, Tony. “Space-age pirates in a battle of wits.” Sunday Times, 16 March 1980, p. 63
  12. ↑ 1979
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Andrews, Bea (November 1, 1981). "Video games: The quarters roll in..." The Day. p. C-4.
  14. ↑ Stone, Andrea (December 1982). "The House That Pac Built: Midway Manufacturing is king of the coin-op hill and loving it!". Video Games. Vol. 1, no. 3. Pumpkin Press. pp. 53–55 (54).
  15. ↑ "Hooked on Space Invaders". The Sydney Morning Herald. 9 September 1980.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 "Invasion is over but space games battle on". The Age. 13 July 1982. p. 31.
  17. ↑ Hewson, David. “Business Diary: Why work for the foreign devil?” The Times, 29 July 1980, p. 19
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 "The Games Boom Rolls On". Asiaweek. Vol. 7. Asiaweek Limited. May 1981. p. 32. The game hit the U.S. with a vengeance, and in Southeast Asia it is still the top draw. (...) Outside Japan, Space Invaders is still going strong. In Hongkong and Malaysia, it continues to be the No. 1 game among enthusiasts; it's also big-time in the Philippines ' ubiquitous pinball parlours. (...) Most Japanese games sell for US$1,600 — 3,000 depending on their degree of sphistication. (...) In Hongkong, Winsteon Chan of Tsimshatsui's Star Bowl says his 30 machines each take in US$10-40 per day.
  19. ↑ https://allincolorforaquarter.blogspot.com/2013/11/video-game-myth-busters-space-invaders.html
  20. ↑ Shibata, Yoko (June 28, 1979). "Electronic Games: Japan converts its Pachinko parlours". Financial Times.
  21. ↑ "The Games Boom Rolls On". Asiaweek. Vol. 7. Asiaweek Limited. May 1981. p. 32. Roughly 8 million people played the game daily, spending 2.6 billion yen (US$114m.) a day and forcing the Bank of Japan to make three special mintings of 100-yen coins.
  22. ↑ Pellegrino, Charles R.; Stoff, Jesse A. (1983). Darwin's Universe: Origins and Crises in the History of Life. Van Nostrand Reinhold. p. 190. ISBN 978-0-442-27526-6. In 1980, we Americans spent 2.9 billion dollars on one of the Space program's most celebrated spinoffs: Space Invaders.
  23. ↑ https://ia801802.us.archive.org/17/items/the_spectrum_show/TheSpectrumShow000.pdf#page=5
  24. ↑ "The Games People Still Play: Video Buffs Warned, But Stick To Guns". The Pittsburgh Press. 22 April 1983. p. B-4.
  25. ↑ "Ten-Minute Rule Bill," The Times, 21 May 1981, p. 11
  26. ↑ “Space invaders make earthlings jobless,” The Times, 24 September 1981, p. 2
  27. ↑ "A Space-Age Game". New Straits Times. 1 March 1980. p. 12.
  28. ↑ "Pinballs make a comeback — on microchip: The United States strives to displace Japan as the supplier of the most popular video games". The Sydney Morning Herald. 23 April 1981. p. 18.
  29. ↑ "Pinballs make a comeback — on microchip: The United States strives to displace Japan as the supplier of the most popular video games". The Sydney Morning Herald. 23 April 1981. p. 18.
  30. ↑ Cartridge Sales Since 1980. Atari Corporation. Via "The Agony & The Ecstasy". Once Upon Atari. No. 4. 23 minutes in.
  31. ↑ "Software Report Card". Video Games Player. Vol. 1, no. 1. United States: Carnegie Publications. September 1982. pp. 62–3.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 Vendel, Curt (May 28, 2009). "Site News". Atari Museum. Archived from the original on December 6, 2010. Retrieved 2021-11-27.
  33. ↑ "Technology: The games that aliens play". New Scientist. Vol. 88, no. 1232–1233. Reed Business Information. 18 December 1980. p. 782. ISSN 0262-4079. Archived from the original on 2021-12-02.
  34. ↑ Wapshott, Nicholas. “Beware of those Space Invaders.” The Times, 29 Nov. 1980, p. XV
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 "Game Search". Game Data Library. Famitsu. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 "NPD: January 2009 Life to Date Numbers".
  37. ↑ Intellivision Lives
  38. ↑ https://www.famitsu.com/cominy/?m=pc&a=page_h_title&title_id=2190&redirect=no
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 "All Titles Released in 2002". The Onion Ring (NPD). Toy Retail Survey Tracking (TRST). December 2002. Archived from the original on 2003-02-13. Retrieved 5 November 2021.
  40. ↑ https://sites.google.com/site/gamedatalibrary/games-by-year/2003-top-300
  41. ↑ https://www.gamedeveloper.com/business/xbox-live-arcade-by-the-numbers---an-extensive-look-back-at-2012
  42. ↑ https://www.timeextension.com/news/2023/09/seiko-releasing-space-invaders-watch-for-games-45th-anniversary
  43. ↑ http://www.gamerevolution.com/features/13510-world-of-warcraft-leads-industry-with-nearly-10-billion-in-revenue
  44. ↑ https://venturebeat.com/games/how-tomohiro-nishikado-created-space-invaders-46-years-ago-exclusive-interview/
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 45.2 Staff (January 2008). "Classic GI: Space Invaders". Game Informer. No. 177. Game Stop. pp. 108–109.
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 46.2 https://venturebeat.com/games/how-tomohiro-nishikado-created-space-invaders-46-years-ago-exclusive-interview/
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 47.2 Williams, Andrew (16 March 2017). History of Digital Games: Developments in Art, Design and Interaction. CRC Press. pp. 73–6. ISBN 978-1-317-50381-1.
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  56. ↑ Kohler, Chris (2016). Power-Up: How Japanese Video Games Gave the World an Extra Life. Courier Dover Publications. p. 19. ISBN 9780486801490.
  57. ↑ https://www.cesa.or.jp/genealogy/nakafuji/nakafuji03.html
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  76. ↑ Strickland, Ronald (2002). Growing Up Postmodern: Neoliberalism and the War on the Young. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 112–113. ISBN 0-7425-1651-2. Retrieved April 10, 2011.
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  78. ↑ Mäyrä, Frans (2008). An Introduction to Games Studies: Games in Culture. SAGE. p. 104. ISBN 978-1-4129-3445-9. Retrieved April 10, 2011. The gameplay of Doom is at its core familiar from the early classics like Space Invaders ... it presents the player with the clear and simple challenge of surviving while shooting everything that moves.
  79. ↑ Jones, Steven Edward (2008). The Meaning of Video Games: Gaming and Textual Studies. Taylor & Francis. pp. 84–85. ISBN 978-0-415-96055-7. Retrieved April 10, 2011. The developers of Halo are aware of their own place in gaming history, and one of them once joked that their game could be seen as "Space Invaders in a tube." The joke contains a double-edged insight: on the one hand, Halo is first and finally about shooting aliens; on the other hand, even the 1978 2-D arcade shooter, Space Invaders, designed by Tomohiro Nishikado for the company Taito, is more interesting than that would suggest.
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  84. ↑ https://archive.org/details/coin-slot-location-1980-autumn/Coin%20Slot%20Location%20-%20Volume%201%20Issue%201%20-%20Autumn%201980/page/n50
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  87. ↑ "Bally 'Space Invaders'". Internet Pinball Machine Database. Retrieved 2023-12-02.
  88. ↑ "Video games entice players of all types, ages". The Bryan Times. 3 August 1981. p. 19.
  89. ↑ "The Winners of '80". Play Meter. Vol. 6, no. 21. November 15, 1980. p. 30.
  90. ↑ https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt0100666/
  91. ↑ https://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/news/6072766.ride-probe-boys-death/

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