The second generation of video games (1976–1984) were the first consoles to use 8-bit microprocessor and game cartridge technologies. The generation includes the Atari 2600, Intellivision, Odyssey², and ColecoVision.
By the end of its lifespan in 1992, the Atari 2600 had sold 25 million units.[1] The ColecoVision sold 2 million units, as of 1984.[2] As of 1990, the Intellivision sold 5 million units.[3][4][5]
Sales figures[]
- See also: List of best-selling game consoles
Console | Manufacturer | Debut | Units sold | Launch price | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominal | Inflation | ||||
Atari VCS / Atari 2600 | Atari | 1977 | 25 million (1989)[1] | $180–190[6] | $910-960 |
ColecoVision | Coleco | 1982 | 6 million (1984)[2] | $199–249[7] | $630–790 |
Intellivision | Mattel | 1979 | 3 million[3][4] (1990)[5] | $299 | $1000 |
Sega SG-1000 | Sega | 1983 | 2 million (1996)[8] | ¥15,000[9] ($63) | $190 |
Magnavox Odyssey² | Magnavox | 1978 | 2 million[10] (1984) | $179.95[11] | $840 |
Atari 5200 | Atari | 1982 | 1 million (1984)[12] | $150–270[7] | $470–850 |
Epoch Cassette Vision | Epoch | 1981 | 400,000 (1982)[13] | ¥13,500[14] ($61) | $200 |
Fairchild Channel F | Fairchild | 1976 | 350,000 (1980)[15][16] | $170[6] | $910 |
APF-MP1000 | APF Electronics | 1978 | 50,000[17] | $129.95[18] | $610 |
TV Jack 5000 | Bandai | 1978 | 10,000[19] | ¥19,800[19][14] ($94) | $440 |
Video Cassette Rock | Takatoku | 1977 | Unknown | ¥9,800–17,600[20][14] ($36–66) | $180–330 |
Visicom C-100 | Toshiba | 1978 | Unknown | ¥54,800[21][14] ($260) | $1,200 |
Total | 37.6 million |
Home computer | Year | Worldwide sales |
---|---|---|
Commodore 64 | 1982 | 12.5 million (1993)[22] |
Sinclair ZX Spectrum | 1982 | 5 million (2000)[23] |
Apple II | 1977 | 4,860,200[24] |
Atari 400 / 800 | 1979 | 2,000,000[24] |
TRS-80 | 1977 | 1,550,000[24] |
Sega SC-3000 | 1983 | 120,000 (1983)[25] |
Tomy Tutor | 1982 | 120,000 (1984)[26] |
Sales history[]
Year | Console sales | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Channel F | Atari | Odyssey² | Intellivision | Cassette Vision | ColecoVision | ||
2600 | 5200 | ||||||
1976 (US) |
100,000[27] | ||||||
1977 (US) |
250,000[28] (+150,000) |
250,000[29] | |||||
1978 (US) |
550,000[29] (+300,000) | ||||||
1979 (US) |
1 million[29] (+450,000) | ||||||
1980 (US) |
350,000[15] | 2 million[30][31] (+1 million) |
200,000 [32][33] | ||||
1981 (US) |
6 million[34] (+4 million) (70-80%)[35][36] |
250,000 (4%)[36] |
925,000 (+725,000) (15-20%)[36][35] |
300,000 (Japan)[37] | |||
1982 | 13,000,000 (+6,200,000) (global)[38] |
750,000+ (+500,000) (global)[38] |
2,725,000 (+1,800,000) (global)[38] |
400,000[13] (+100,000) (Japan) |
550,000[39] (US) | ||
1983 | 16,000,000[40] (+3,000,000)[41] (global) |
800,000[42] (US) |
3,300,000 (+550,000)[43] (global) |
2 million[44] (+1,450,000) (US) | |||
1984 | 19 million (+3,000,000) (global) |
1 million[12] (+200,000) (US) |
2 million[10] (global) |
||||
1985 | 20 million[45] (+1 million) (global)[46] |
6 million[2] (global) | |||||
1989 | 24 million[47] (global) |
||||||
1992 | 25 million[1] (global) |
||||||
1993 | 26 million (global) (2600 & 5200) |
||||||
1996 |
Best-selling games[]
By 1982, five arcade ports had sold more than five million copies each.[48]
The following titles were the best-selling games of the generation.
Rank | Title | Platform(s) | Company | Arcade port | Release date | Sales | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Pac-Man | Atari 2600 | Namco | Yes | March 16, 1982 | 8,095,586 | [49] |
2 | Space Invaders | Atari VCS | Taito | Yes | March 1980 | 6,266,579 | [50] |
3 | Donkey Kong | ColecoVision / 2600 | Nintendo | Yes | July 1982 | 6,180,523 | [51] |
4 | Frogger | Multi-platform | Konami / Sega | Yes | August 1982 | 5,000,000 | [48][52] |
5 | Pitfall! | Atari 2600 | Activision | No | April 20, 1982 | 4,500,000 | [53] |
6 | Asteroids | Atari VCS | Atari | Yes | July 1981 | 3,832,886 | [n 1] |
7 | Defender | Atari 2600 | Williams | Yes | 1982 | 3,040,684 | [n 2] |
8 | E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial | Atari 2600 | Atari | No | December 1982 | 2,740,232 | [n 3] |
9 | Ms. Pac-Man | Atari VCS | Namco | Yes | February 1983 | 2,345,748 | [49] |
10 | Demon Attack | Atari 2600 | Imagic | No | March 1982 | 2,000,000 | [57] |
11 | BurgerTime | Intellivision | Data East | Yes | 1983 | 2,000,000 | [58][59] |
12 | Astrosmash | Intellivision | Mattel | No | 1981 | 2,000,000 | [60] |
13 | Combat | Atari VCS | Atari | No | 1977 | 2,000,000 | |
14 | Night Driver | Atari VCS | Atari | Yes | June 1980 | 1,990,643 | [n 4] |
15 | Las Vegas Poker & Blackjack | Intellivision | Mattel | No | 1979 | 1,939,400 | [59] |
16 | Berzerk | Atari 2600 | Stern | Yes | August 1982 | 1,870,642 | [n 5] |
17 | Centipede | Atari 2600 | Atari | Yes | March 1982 | 1,815,661 | [n 6] |
18 | Warlords | Atari VCS | Atari | Yes | 1981 | 1,788,462 | [n 7] |
19 | Breakout | Atari VCS | Atari | Yes | November 1978 | 1,678,965 | [n 8] |
20 | Kaboom! | Atari VCS | Activision | No | July 1981 | 1,500,000 | [61] |
21 | Major League Baseball | Intellivision | Mattel | No | 1980 | 1,085,700 | [62] |
22 | Atari Football | Atari VCS | Atari | Yes | 1978 | 1,000,000 | [56][63] |
23 | Raiders of the Lost Ark | Atari VCS | Atari | No | November 1982 | 1,000,000 | [63] |
24 | Vanguard | Atari VCS | Tose / SNK | Yes | 1982 | 1,000,000 | [56][64] |
25 | Missile Command | Atari VCS | Atari | Yes | April 1981 | 1,000,000 |
Atari VCS / Atari 2600[]
Rank | Title | Company | Arcade port | Release date | Sales | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Pac-Man | Namco | Yes | March 16, 1982 | 8,095,586 | [49] |
2 | Space Invaders | Taito | Yes | March 1980 | 6,266,579 | [50] |
3 | Pitfall! | Activision | No | April 20, 1982 | 4,500,000 | [53] |
4 | Donkey Kong | Nintendo | Yes | July 1982 | 4,180,523 | [51] |
5 | Frogger | Konami / Sega | Yes | August 1982 | 4,000,000 | [52] |
6 | Asteroids | Atari | Yes | July 1981 | 3,832,886 | [n 9] |
7 | Defender | Williams | Yes | 1982 | 3,040,684 | [n 10] |
8 | E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial | Atari | No | December 1982 | 2,740,232 | [n 11] |
9 | Ms. Pac-Man | Namco | Yes | February 1983 | 2,345,748 | [49] |
10 | Combat | Atari | No | 1977 | 2,000,000 | |
Demon Attack | Imagic | No | March 1982 | 2,000,000 | [57] | |
12 | Night Driver | Atari | Yes | June 1980 | 1,990,643 | [n 12] |
13 | Berzerk | Stern | Yes | August 1982 | 1,870,642 | [n 13] |
14 | Centipede | Atari | Yes | March 1982 | 1,815,661 | [n 14] |
14 | Warlords | Atari | Yes | 1981 | 1,788,462 | [n 15] |
15 | Breakout | Atari | Yes | November 1978 | 1,678,965 | [n 16] |
16 | Kaboom! | Activision | No | July 1981 | 1,500,000 | [61] |
17 | River Raid | Activision | No | December 1982 | 1,500,000 | [66] |
18 | Atari Football | Atari | Yes | 1978 | 1,000,000 | [56][63] |
19 | Raiders of the Lost Ark | Atari | No | November 1982 | 1,000,000 | [63] |
20 | Vanguard | Tose / SNK | Yes | 1982 | 1,000,000 | [56][64] |
21 | Missile Command | Atari | Yes | April 1981 | 1,000,000 | |
22 | Adventure | Atari | No | July 1980 | 1,000,000 | [67] |
Laser Blast | Activision | No | March 1981 | 1,000,000 | [68] | |
Freeway | Activision | No | July 1981 | 1,000,000 | ||
Yars' Revenge | Atari | No | May 1982 | 1,000,000 | [63] | |
Atlantis | Imagic | No | July 1982 | 1,000,000 | [69] | |
The Empire Strikes Back | Parker | No | July 1982 | 1,000,000 | [70] | |
Cosmic Ark | Imagic | No | August 1982 | 1,000,000 | [57] | |
Megamania | Activision | No | October 1982 | 1,000,000 | [69] |
ColecoVision[]
Rank | Title | Company | Arcade port | Release year | Sales | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Donkey Kong | Nintendo | Yes | 1982 | 2,000,000 | [71][7] |
2 | Zaxxon | Sega | Yes | 1982 | 600,000+ | [72][73] |
3 | Cosmic Avenger | Universal | Yes | 1982 | 600,000+ | [7] |
4 | Miner 2049er | Micro Fun | No | 1983 | 600,000 | [73] |
Intellivision[]
Rank | Title | Company | Arcade port | Release year | Sales | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | BurgerTime | Data East | Yes | 1983 | 2,000,000+ | [58] |
2 | Astrosmash | Mattel | No | 1981 | 2,000,000 | [60] |
3 | Las Vegas Poker & Blackjack | Mattel | No | 1979 | 1,939,400 | [59] |
4 | Major League Baseball | Mattel | No | 1980 | 1,085,700 | [62] |
5 | NFL Football | Mattel | No | 1980 | 980,200 | |
6 | Tron: Deadly Discs | Mattel | No | 1982 | 975,000 | [7] |
7 | Space Battle | Mattel | No | 1980 | 972,000 | [74] |
8 | Space Armada | Mattel | No | 1981 | 931,100 | |
9 | Star Strike | Mattel | No | 1982 | 837,500 | |
10 | Advanced Dungeons & Dragons: Cloudy Mountain | Mattel | No | 1982 | 698,000 | [75] |
11 | Armor Battle | Mattel | No | 1979 | 571,600 | |
12 | Auto Racing | Mattel | No | 1980 | 565,200 | [62] |
13 | Lock 'n' Chase | Data East | Yes | 1982 | 539,000 | [75] |
14 | Sea Battle | Mattel | No | 1980 | 529,200 | |
15 | NBA Basketball | Mattel | No | 1980 | 518,100 | [62] |
16 | Triple Action | Mattel | No | 1981 | 503,400 | [75] |
17 | Boxing | Mattel | No | 1980 | 475,700 | [62] |
18 | Space Hawk | Mattel | No | 1982 | 467,900 | [74] |
19 | U.S. Ski Team Skiing | Mattel | No | 1980 | 427,500 | [62] |
20 | PBA Bowling | Mattel | No | 1981 | 383,100 |
Apple II[]
The following titles were the best-selling Apple II computer games between 1980 and 1984.[76][77]
Rank | Title | Developer / Publisher | Points [76][77] |
Sales (est.) [n 17][77][78] |
Genre [76] |
Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Choplifter | Broderbund Software | 1,881.29 | 190,000 | Arcade | |
2 | Wizardry | Sir-Tech | 1,744.36 | 190,000 | RPG | [78] |
3 | Pac-Man | Namco | 1,464.63 | 150,000 | Arcade | |
— | Snack Attack (Pac-Man) | Namco / Datamost | 1,000.30 | 100,000 | ||
Snoggle (Pac-Man) | Jun Wada | 417.23 | 42,000 | |||
Apple Puck Man (Pac-Man) | Jun Wada | 47.10 | 5,000 | |||
4 | Zork | Infocom | 1,091.44 | 100,000 | Adventure | |
5 | Galaxian | Namco | 804.34 | 85,000 | Arcade | |
— | Alien Rain (Apple Galaxian) | Tony Suzuki | 554.40 | 60,000 | ||
Star Cruiser (Galaxian) | Nasir Gebelli | 249.94 | 25,000 | |||
6 | Castle Wolfenstein | MUSE | 749.84 | 70,000 | ||
7 | Flight Simulator | SubLogic | 717.81 | 70,000 | Flight sim | |
8 | Lode Runner | Broderbund Software | 705.57 | 70,000 | Arcade | |
9 | Miner 2049er | Micro Fun | 690.48 | 70,000 | ||
10 | Zaxxon | Sega | 677.46 | 70,000 | ||
11 | Raster Blaster | BudgeCo | 660.12 | 66,000 | ||
12 | Gorgon | Nasir Gebelli | 638.87 | 60,000 | ||
13 | Apple Panic (Space Panic) | Universal | 630.66 | 60,000 | ||
14 | Wizardry II: Knight of Diamonds | Sir-Tech | 623.39 | 60,000 | RPG | |
15 | Frogger | Konami / Sega | 572.57 | 60,000 | Arcade | |
16 | Star Blazer | Tony Suzuki | 565.77 | 60,000 | ||
17 | Wizard and the Princess | On-Line Systems | 548.50 | 50,000 | Adventure | |
18 | Sargon II | Hayden Software | 498.38 | 50,000 | Strategy | |
19 | Flight Simulator II | SubLogic | 482.06 | 48,000 | Flight sim | |
20 | Early Games for Young Children | Early Game Company | 461.26 | 46,000 | Education | |
21 | Space Eggs (Moon Cresta) | Nasir Gebelli / Nichibutsu | 445.57 | 45,000 | Arcade | |
22 | Wizardry III: Legacy of Llylgamyn | Sir-Tech | 384.12 | 38,000 | RPG | |
23 | Mystery House | On-Line Systems | 378.26 | 38,000 | Adventure | |
24 | Cannonball Blitz | On-Line Systems | 362.59 | 36,000 | Arcade | |
25 | Adventure | Microsoft | 359.43 | 36,000 | Adventure | |
26 | Pinball Construction Set | BudgeCo | 358.37 | 36,000 | Arcade | |
27 | Ultima | California Pacific | 344.65 | 30,000 | RPG | |
28 | The Arcade Machine | Broderbund Software | 344.62 | 30,000 | Arcade | |
29 | Bill Budge's Space Album | California Pacific | 342.29 | 30,000 | ||
30 | Zork II | Infocom | 330.27 | 30,000 | Adventure | |
31 | Olympic Decathlon | Microsoft | 321.69 | 30,000 | Arcade | |
32 | Exodus: Ultima III | Origin Systems | 319.18 | 30,000 | RPG | |
33 | Aztec | DataMost | 316.55 | 30,000 | Arcade | |
34 | One on One | Electronic Arts | 311.88 | 30,000 | ||
35 | Odyssey | Synergistic Software | 304.51 | 30,000 | RPG | |
36 | Ultima II | Sierra On-Line | 299.58 | 30,000 | ||
37 | Temple of Apshai | Automated Simulations | 296.80 | 30,000 | ||
38 | David's Midnight Magic | Broderbund Software | 280.50 | 30,000 | Arcade | |
39 | Swashbuckler | DataMost | 278.87 | 30,000 | ||
40 | Super Invader (Space Invaders) | M. Hata / Taito | 263.18 | 30,000 | ||
41 | A2-PB1 Pinball: Night Mission | SubLogic | 262.55 | 26,000 | ||
42 | Sneakers | Sirius Software | 260.10 | 26,000 | ||
43 | Deadline | Infocom | 259.29 | 26,000 | Adventure | |
44 | ABM | MUSE | 254.45 | 25,000 | Arcade | |
45 | Asteroids in Space | Quality Software | 251.14 | 25,000 | ||
46 | Dogfight | Bill Basham | 244.37 | 20,000 | ||
47 | Planetoids (Asteroids) | Adventure International | 244.19 | 20,000 | ||
48 | Hellfire Warrior | Automated Simulations | 237.70 | 20,000 | ||
49 | Cranston Manor | On-Line Systems | 231.70 | 20,000 | Adventure | |
50 | Warp Factor | Strategic Simulations | 231.01 | 20,000 | Strategy |
Other platforms[]
System | Type | Top-selling game | Company | Release year | Sales | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Atari 5200 | Console | Pac-Man | Namco | 1982 | 1,000,000 | [79] |
Galaxian | Namco | 1982 | [7] | |||
Star Raiders | Atari | |||||
Fairchild Channel F | Console | Hockey | Fairchild | 1976 | 350,000 | [15][80] |
Tennis | ||||||
Magnavox Odyssey² | Console | Pickaxe Pete | Philips | 1982 | [7] | |
K.C.'s Krazy Chase! | ||||||
Atari 400 / 800 | Computer | Pole Position | Namco | 1983 | [81] | |
Ms. Pac-Man | ||||||
Frogger | Konami / Sega | 1982 | [7] | |||
Centipede | Atari | |||||
TI-99/4A | Computer | TI Invaders | Taito | 1981 | [7] | |
Hunt the Wumpus | PCC |
Notes[]
- ↑ 3.8 million up until 1982.[54] 7,503 in 1986. 8,558 in 1987. 12,120 in 1988. 11,558 in 1989. 4,705 in 1990.[55]
- ↑ 3,006,790 in 1982 (with at least 68,993 returned in 1983).[56] 2,298 in 1986. 6,160 in 1987. 24,741 in 1988. 695 in 1989.[55]
- ↑ 2,637,985 in 1982 (with at least 669,733 returned in 1983).[56] 1,138 in 1986. 88,338 in 1987. 3,131 in 1988. 9,586 in 1989. 54 in 1990.[55]
- ↑ 161,352 in 1980. 779,547 in 1981. 457,058 in 1982. 580,959 in 1983.[56] 84 in 1986. 7,227 in 1987. 4,416 in 1988.[55]
- ↑ 1,798,773 in 1982 (with at least 20,314 returned in 1983).[56] 2,046 in 1986. 54,444 in 1987. 15,170 in 1988. 209 in 1989.[55]
- ↑ 1,475,240 in 1982.[56] 49,774 in 1986. 150,572 in 1987. 107,168 in 1988. 21,973 in 1989. 10,934 in 1990.[55]
- ↑ 936,861 in 1981. 420,924 in 1982. 372,454 in 1983.[56] 11,412 in 1986. 6,370 in 1987. 38,504 in 1988. 1,865 in 1989. 72 in 1990.[55]
- ↑ 256,265 in 1980. 838,635 in 1981. 242,764 in 1982. 312,672 in 1983.[56] 7,060 in 1986. 1,680 in 1987. 19,889 in 1988.[55]
- ↑ 3.8 million up until 1982.[65] 7,503 in 1986. 8,558 in 1987. 12,120 in 1988. 11,558 in 1989. 4,705 in 1990.[55]
- ↑ 3,006,790 in 1982 (with at least 68,993 returned in 1983).[56] 2,298 in 1986. 6,160 in 1987. 24,741 in 1988. 695 in 1989.[55]
- ↑ 2,637,985 in 1982 (with at least 669,733 returned in 1983).[56] 1,138 in 1986. 88,338 in 1987. 3,131 in 1988. 9,586 in 1989. 54 in 1990.[55]
- ↑ 161,352 in 1980. 779,547 in 1981. 457,058 in 1982. 580,959 in 1983.[56] 84 in 1986. 7,227 in 1987. 4,416 in 1988.[55]
- ↑ 1,798,773 in 1982 (with at least 20,314 returned in 1983).[56] 2,046 in 1986. 54,444 in 1987. 15,170 in 1988. 209 in 1989.[55]
- ↑ 1,475,240 in 1982.[56] 49,774 in 1986. 150,572 in 1987. 107,168 in 1988. 21,973 in 1989. 10,934 in 1990.[55]
- ↑ 936,861 in 1981. 420,924 in 1982. 372,454 in 1983.[56] 11,412 in 1986. 6,370 in 1987. 38,504 in 1988. 1,865 in 1989. 72 in 1990.[55]
- ↑ 256,265 in 1980. 838,635 in 1981. 242,764 in 1982. 312,672 in 1983.[56] 7,060 in 1986. 1,680 in 1987. 19,889 in 1988.[55]
- ↑ 1,744.36 points equivalent to 190,000 units (Wizardry) = 100 units per point (est.)
References[]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 The New York Times Guide to Essential Knowledge: A Desk Reference for the Curious Mind (2011), page 500
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 "ColecoVision - 1982-1984". ClassicGaming. IGN. Archived from the original on 2008-02-16. Retrieved 2008-05-16.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Mattel Intellivision - 1980–1984". ClassicGaming. IGN. Archived from the original on 2008-02-17. Retrieved 2008-05-16.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Ask Hal: Frequently Asked Questions to the Blue Sky Rangers". Intellivision Productions. Retrieved 2008-11-03.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Timeline". Intellivision Productions. Retrieved 2008-11-03.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2206&dat=19771220&id=bDs0AAAAIBAJ&sjid=yOsFAAAAIBAJ&pg=2946,4068969
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 Hilliard, S. Lee (December 1982), "Cash In On the Video Game Craze", Black Enterprise (Earl G. Graves, Ltd.) 12 (5): pp. 41–2, ISSN 0006-4165, https://books.google.com/books?id=N6pacvfrf0wC&pg=PA41, retrieved May 1, 2011
- ↑ Co-opetition (1996), page 238
- ↑ http://segaretro.org/SG-1000
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 "Magnavox Odyssey 2". IGN. Retrieved 2011-08-27.
- ↑ http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1755&dat=19781210&id=MJwcAAAAIBAJ&sjid=jmcEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3753,5716072
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Schrage, Michael (1984-05-22). "Atari Introduces Game In Attempt for Survival". Washington Post: C3. "The company has stopped producing its 5200 SuperSystem games player, more than 1 million of which were sold."
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 "株式会社 エポツク杜 堀江正幸氏 (Epoch and the Cassette Vision)". 1997. p. 9. Archived from the original on 2015-10-23. Retrieved August 29, 2017.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 Koyama, Yusuke (2023-06-02). History of the Japanese Video Game Industry. Springer Nature. pp. 44-6. ISBN 978-981-99-1342-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=uITCEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA44.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Edwards, Benj (January 22, 2015). "The Untold Story Of The Invention Of The Game Cartridge". Fast Company. Retrieved July 29, 2020.
- ↑ http://www.digitpress.com/library/magazines/video/video_dec81.pdf#page=4
- ↑ "The Imagination Machine - Georgia State University News -". Georgia State News Hub. 15 March 2018. Retrieved 6 May 2022.
- ↑ https://infoconsolas.com/en/apf-m1000-and-apf-mp1000-100-retro-en/
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 https://www.computinghistory.org.uk/det/62887/Bandai-TV-Jack-5000/
- ↑ http://videogamekraken.com/video-cassette-rock-by-takatoku
- ↑ http://videogamekraken.com/visicom-c-100-by-toshiba
- ↑ Steil, Michael (2011-02-01). "How many Commodore 64 computers were really sold?". Pagetable.com. Archived from the original on 2016-03-06. Retrieved 2017-03-18.
- ↑ "Videogaming: The Odyssey". EDGE Magazine (Future Publishing): 76. January 2000. https://retrocdn.net/images/6/64/Edge_UK_080.pdf.
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 Reimer, Jeremy (2005-12-15). "Total share: 30 years of personal computer market share figures". Ars Technica. Retrieved 2021-11-27.
- Jeremy Reimer (2012-12-07). "Total Share: Personal Computer Market Share 1975-2010". Jeremy Reimer.
- ↑ https://retrocdn.net/images/9/93/JeuxetStrategie_FR_29.pdf#page=24
- ↑ "トミー、3万円割るパソコン『ぴゅう太-MK2』を発売。" [Tomy released the personal computer "Pyuta-MK2" that breaks ¥30,000] (in Japanese). Nikkei Sangyo Shimbun. 30 May 1984. p. 14.
- ↑ "Video Game Sales: 1972-1999". Gaming Alexandria. June 7, 2021.
- ↑ Gareth R. Jones; Charles W.L. Hill (2007). Strategic management: an integrated approach (7th ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. C-123. ISBN 0-618-73166-0. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=P8q5AAAAIAAJ&q=%22By+this+point,+second-place+Fairchild+sold+around+250000+units%22&dq=%22By+this+point,+second-place+Fairchild+sold+around+250000+units%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=6-FIT4SdB6mb1AX0zsSVDg&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAA. Retrieved 25 February 2012. "By this point, second-place Fairchild sold around 250,000 units of its system."
- ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 Droidmaker: George Lucas and the Digital Revolution. p. 293. Archived from the original on 2006-01-03. https://web.archive.org/web/20060103185912/www.gamasutra.com/features/20051221/Droidmaker.Ch18.pdf.
- ↑ http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1499&dat=19800826&id=3OAjAAAAIBAJ&sjid=tSsEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2734,3092761
- ↑ http://www.2600connection.com/articles/arcade_alley/arcade_alley_dec80.pdf
- ↑ Greenberg, Jonathan (April 13, 1981). "Japanese invaders: Move over Asteroids and Defenders, the next adversary in the electronic video game wars may be even tougher to beat". Forbes 127 (8): 98, 102. https://jonathangreenberg.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Japanese-Invaders-April-13-1981.pdf.
- ↑ Bloom, Steve (1982). "The Next Step". Video Invaders. Arco Pub.. pp. 107-109 (108). ISBN 978-0-668-05518-5. https://www.digitpress.com/library/books/book_video_invaders.pdf#page=129.
- ↑ http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2206&dat=19820317&id=zoEmAAAAIBAJ&sjid=VAEGAAAAIBAJ&pg=2694,1926878
- ↑ 35.0 35.1 http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2206&dat=19821025&id=u9wlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=J_MFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4028,2960761
- ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1915&dat=19820306&id=jQEhAAAAIBAJ&sjid=SXUFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4884,1190162
- ↑ "昔(1970年代)のテレビゲームは何台売れた? (How many old (1970s) video games sold?)". Classic Videogame Station Odyssey (CVS Odyssey) (in Japanese). 2014-01-09. Archived from the original on 2014-01-09. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
{{cite web}}
: More than one of|archivedate=
and|archive-date=
specified (help); More than one of|archiveurl=
and|archive-url=
specified (help) - ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 "Console Sales, 1982". Computer Entertainer 2 (7): 99. October 1983. https://www.ataricompendium.com/archives/newsletters/video_game_update/video_game_update_oct83.pdf#page=3.
- ↑ "Coleco hits with home video games", Business Week: 31, 1983-01-24, "Most of 1982's action was in the second half, when Coleco shipped 550,000 ColecoVision game machines--which sell for $169 to $189--booking orders for nearly that many more."
- ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=fC4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA104
- ↑ Guins, Raiford (2014-01-24). Game After: A Cultural Study of Video Game Afterlife. MIT Press. pp. 324. ISBN 978-0-262-32018-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=ijOkAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA324.
- ↑ "Coleco Strong In Marketing", New York Times, 1983-08-01, "Since its introduction last fall, Colecovision has sold about 1.4 million units...Of that total, about 900,000 were sold this year, compared with 800,000 units by Atari and 300,000 by Mattel."
- ↑ Secretan, Lance H. K. (1986). Managerial Moxie: A Basic Strategy for the Corporate Trenches. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. pp. 49. ISBN 978-0-03-928852-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=PVUOgovXuZAC. "Industry observers estimate that while Intellivision unit sales sank from 1.1 million units in 1982 to 550,000 in 1983, Coleco Vision unit sales rocketed from 550,000 to 1.2 million"
- ↑ Coleco Industries sales report, PR Newswire, 1984-04-17, "'First quarter sales of ColecoVision were substantial, although much less that [sic] those for the year ago quarter,' Greenberg said in a prepared statement. He said the company has sold 2 million ColecoVision games since its introduction in 1982."
- ↑ http://www.nytimes.com/1986/09/27/business/video-games-once-zapped-in-comeback.html
- ↑ http://mcurrent.name/atarihistory/tramel_technology.html
- ↑ http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1499&dat=19890211&id=QWcaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=zysEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4038,2242488
- ↑ 48.0 48.1 "Video-based firm expected to explode onto market". The Phoenix. 11 December 1982. https://books.google.com/books?id=zEFgAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA21&article_id=4935,3418546.
- ↑ 49.0 49.1 49.2 49.3 Pac-Man
- ↑ 50.0 50.1 Space Invaders
- ↑ 51.0 51.1 Donkey Kong
- ↑ 52.0 52.1 "Ed English: 2600 (Frogger, Mr. Do!, Roc 'n Rope)" (PDF). Digital Press. No. 52. May–June 2003. p. 7. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 1, 2022. Retrieved April 19, 2021.
- ↑ 53.0 53.1 "David Crane Interview". 2015.
- ↑ Urschel, Joe (March 6, 1982). "Gobbling up the home video market". The Day. p. C-6. Archived from the original on December 1, 2021. Retrieved December 1, 2021.
- ↑ 55.00 55.01 55.02 55.03 55.04 55.05 55.06 55.07 55.08 55.09 55.10 55.11 55.12 55.13 55.14 55.15 Vendel, Curt (May 28, 2009). "Site News". Atari Museum. Archived from the original on December 6, 2010. Retrieved November 27, 2021.
- ↑ 56.00 56.01 56.02 56.03 56.04 56.05 56.06 56.07 56.08 56.09 56.10 56.11 56.12 56.13 56.14 56.15 56.16 56.17 Cartridge Sales Since 1980. Atari Corp.. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Atari_Sales.png. Via "The Agony & The Ecstasy". Once Upon Atari. No. 4. 23 minutes in.
- ↑ 57.0 57.1 57.2 Wallis, Alistair (November 23, 2006). "Playing Catch Up: Night Trap's Rob Fulop". Gamasutra. UBM TechWeb. Archived from the original on February 15, 2008. Retrieved April 22, 2017.
- ↑ 58.0 58.1 Holyoak, Craig (May 30, 1984). "Here are ColecoVision's Jewels". Deseret News. p. 4 WV – via Google News.
- ↑ 59.0 59.1 59.2 Las Vegas Poker & Blackjack: Stats & Credits. Intellivision Lives! (CD PC/Mac), Intellivision Productions. 1998. https://youtu.be/dIublbI-QUU?t=2065.
- ↑ 60.0 60.1 Biledeau, Steven (March 25, 1999). "Vintage Intellivision games transformed". Edmonton Journal. p. 64. Retrieved November 22, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
- ↑ 61.0 61.1 https://www.worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Billboard/80s/1983/BB-1983-12-24.pdf#page=36
- ↑ 62.0 62.1 62.2 62.3 62.4 62.5 Sports Network. Intellivision Lives! (CD PC/Mac). Intellivision Productions. 1998.
- ↑ 63.0 63.1 63.2 63.3 63.4 Stilphen, Scott. "DP Interviews... Howard Scott Warshaw". Digital Press. Archived from the original on April 28, 2007. Retrieved April 22, 2017.
- ↑ 64.0 64.1 High-tech Society: The Story of the Information Technology Revolution. 1987. p. 155. https://books.google.com/books?id=Gqgb946KPfQC&pg=PA155.
- ↑ Urschel, Joe (March 6, 1982). "Gobbling up the home video market". The Day. p. C-6. Archived from the original on December 1, 2021. Retrieved December 1, 2021.
- ↑ 1982
- ↑ Baker, Chris (March 13, 2015). "How One Man Invented the Console Adventure Game". Wired. Archived from the original on September 13, 2021. Retrieved March 25, 2016.
- ↑ Capparell, James (June 1984). "Activision's James Levy: A software success story". Antic. Archived from the original on January 31, 2019. Retrieved April 22, 2017.
- ↑ 69.0 69.1 Buchanan, Levi (August 26, 2008). "Top 10 Best-Selling Atari 2600 Games". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on August 31, 2018. Retrieved April 22, 2017.
- ↑ Wojahn, Ellen (February 1, 2003). The General Mills/Parker Brothers Merger: Playing by Different Rules. Washington, D.C.: Beard Books. p. 134. ISBN 978-1-5879818-2-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=3aszv5J3wXcC&pg=PA134.
- ↑ McFerran, Damien (18 September 2010). "Feature: How ColecoVision Became the King of Kong". Nintendo Life. Retrieved 2 April 2021.
- ↑ Dimetrosky, Raymond (November 1983). "Video Game Buyer's Guide: One on One (Zaxxon vs. Zaxxon)". Video Games Player (United States: Carnegie Publications) 2 (2): 55. https://archive.org/details/Video_Games_Player_Vol_2_No_2_1983-11_Carnegie_Publications_US/page/n56.
- ↑ 73.0 73.1 1983
- ↑ 74.0 74.1 Space Action Network. Intellivision Lives! (CD PC/Mac). Intellivision Productions. 1998.
- ↑ 75.0 75.1 75.2 Action Network. Intellivision Lives! (CD PC/Mac). Intellivision Productions. 1998.
- ↑ 76.0 76.1 76.2 "Early Computer Game Genre Preferences (1980-1984)" (PDF). Digital Games Research Association (DiGRA). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-07-05.
- ↑ 77.0 77.1 77.2 "Softalk Magazine: Top 30 List Dataset".
- ↑ 78.0 78.1 Maher, Jimmy (2014-06-25). "Of Wizards and Bards". The Digital Antiquarian. Retrieved 11 July 2014.
- ↑ https://archive.org/details/computer-and-videogames-magazine-1984-special/page/n15/mode/1up
- ↑ Kaplan, Deeny, ed. (Summer 1978). "VideoTest Report Number 1: Fairchild's Channel F". Video (Reese Communications) 1 (2): 10–14. ISSN 0147-8907.
- ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=jC4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA50
External links[]
- Game Monitor (February 26, 1982)
- Video Game Firms Ready Formal Returns Policies (January 8, 1983)
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