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Second generation of video games

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The second generation of video games (1976–1984) were the first consoles to use 8-bit microprocessor and game cartridge technologies. The generation includes the Atari 2600, Intellivision, Odyssey², and ColecoVision.

By the end of its lifespan in 1992, the Atari 2600 had sold 25 million units.[1] The ColecoVision sold 2 million units, as of 1984.[2] As of 1990, the Intellivision sold 5 million units.[3][4][5]

Sales figures[]

See also: List of best-selling game consoles
Console Manufacturer Debut Units sold Launch price
Nominal Inflation
Atari VCS / Atari 2600 Atari 1977 25 million (1989)[1] $180–190[6] $910-960
ColecoVision Coleco 1982 6 million (1984)[2] $199–249[7] $630–790
Intellivision Mattel 1979 3 million[3][4] (1990)[5] $299 $1000
Sega SG-1000 Sega 1983 2 million (1996)[8] ¥15,000[9] ($63) $190
Magnavox Odyssey² Magnavox 1978 2 million[10] (1984) $179.95[11] $840
Atari 5200 Atari 1982 1 million (1984)[12] $150–270[7] $470–850
Epoch Cassette Vision Epoch 1981 400,000 (1982)[13] ¥13,500[14] ($61) $200
Fairchild Channel F Fairchild 1976 350,000 (1980)[15][16] $170[6] $910
APF-MP1000 APF Electronics 1978 50,000[17] $129.95[18] $610
TV Jack 5000 Bandai 1978 10,000[19] ¥19,800[19][14] ($94) $440
Video Cassette Rock Takatoku 1977 Unknown ¥9,800–17,600[20][14] ($36–66) $180–330
Visicom C-100 Toshiba 1978 Unknown ¥54,800[21][14] ($260) $1,200
Total 37.6 million
Home computer Year Worldwide sales
Commodore 64 1982 12.5 million (1993)[22]
Sinclair ZX Spectrum 1982 5 million (2000)[23]
Apple II 1977 4,860,200[24]
Atari 400 / 800 1979 2,000,000[24]
TRS-80 1977 1,550,000[24]
Sega SC-3000 1983 120,000 (1983)[25]
Tomy Tutor 1982 120,000 (1984)[26]

Sales history[]

Year Console sales
Channel F Atari Odyssey² Intellivision Cassette Vision ColecoVision
2600 5200
1976
(US) 		100,000[27]
1977
(US) 		250,000[28]
(+150,000) 		250,000[29]
1978
(US) 		550,000[29]
(+300,000)
1979
(US) 		1 million[29]
(+450,000)
1980
(US) 		350,000[15] 2 million[30][31]
(+1 million) 		200,000
[32][33]
1981
(US) 		6 million[34]
(+4 million)
(70-80%)[35][36] 		250,000
(4%)[36] 		925,000
(+725,000)
(15-20%)[36][35] 		300,000
(Japan)[37]
1982 13,000,000
(+6,200,000)
(global)[38] 		750,000+
(+500,000)
(global)[38] 		2,725,000
(+1,800,000)
(global)[38] 		400,000[13]
(+100,000)
(Japan) 		550,000[39]
(US)
1983 16,000,000[40]
(+3,000,000)[41]
(global) 		800,000[42]
(US) 		3,300,000
(+550,000)[43]
(global) 		2 million[44]
(+1,450,000)
(US)
1984 19 million
(+3,000,000)
(global) 		1 million[12]
(+200,000)
(US) 		2 million[10]
(global)
1985 20 million[45]
(+1 million)
(global)[46] 		6 million[2]
(global)
1989 24 million[47]
(global)
1992 25 million[1]
(global)
1993 26 million (global)
(2600 & 5200)
1996

Best-selling games[]

By 1982, five arcade ports had sold more than five million copies each.[48]

The following titles were the best-selling games of the generation.

Rank Title Platform(s) Company Arcade port Release date Sales Ref
1 Pac-Man Atari 2600 Namco Yes March 16, 1982 8,095,586 [49]
2 Space Invaders Atari VCS Taito Yes March 1980 6,266,579 [50]
3 Donkey Kong ColecoVision / 2600 Nintendo Yes July 1982 6,180,523 [51]
4 Frogger Multi-platform Konami / Sega Yes August 1982 5,000,000 [48][52]
5 Pitfall! Atari 2600 Activision No April 20, 1982 4,500,000 [53]
6 Asteroids Atari VCS Atari Yes July 1981 3,832,886 [n 1]
7 Defender Atari 2600 Williams Yes 1982 3,040,684 [n 2]
8 E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial Atari 2600 Atari No December 1982 2,740,232 [n 3]
9 Ms. Pac-Man Atari VCS Namco Yes February 1983 2,345,748 [49]
10 Demon Attack Atari 2600 Imagic No March 1982 2,000,000 [57]
11 BurgerTime Intellivision Data East Yes 1983 2,000,000 [58][59]
12 Astrosmash Intellivision Mattel No 1981 2,000,000 [60]
13 Combat Atari VCS Atari No 1977 2,000,000
14 Night Driver Atari VCS Atari Yes June 1980 1,990,643 [n 4]
15 Las Vegas Poker & Blackjack Intellivision Mattel No 1979 1,939,400 [59]
16 Berzerk Atari 2600 Stern Yes August 1982 1,870,642 [n 5]
17 Centipede Atari 2600 Atari Yes March 1982 1,815,661 [n 6]
18 Warlords Atari VCS Atari Yes 1981 1,788,462 [n 7]
19 Breakout Atari VCS Atari Yes November 1978 1,678,965 [n 8]
20 Kaboom! Atari VCS Activision No July 1981 1,500,000 [61]
21 Major League Baseball Intellivision Mattel No 1980 1,085,700 [62]
22 Atari Football Atari VCS Atari Yes 1978 1,000,000 [56][63]
23 Raiders of the Lost Ark Atari VCS Atari No November 1982 1,000,000 [63]
24 Vanguard Atari VCS Tose / SNK Yes 1982 1,000,000 [56][64]
25 Missile Command Atari VCS Atari Yes April 1981 1,000,000

Atari VCS / Atari 2600[]

Rank Title Company Arcade port Release date Sales Ref
1 Pac-Man Namco Yes March 16, 1982 8,095,586 [49]
2 Space Invaders Taito Yes March 1980 6,266,579 [50]
3 Pitfall! Activision No April 20, 1982 4,500,000 [53]
4 Donkey Kong Nintendo Yes July 1982 4,180,523 [51]
5 Frogger Konami / Sega Yes August 1982 4,000,000 [52]
6 Asteroids Atari Yes July 1981 3,832,886 [n 9]
7 Defender Williams Yes 1982 3,040,684 [n 10]
8 E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial Atari No December 1982 2,740,232 [n 11]
9 Ms. Pac-Man Namco Yes February 1983 2,345,748 [49]
10 Combat Atari No 1977 2,000,000
Demon Attack Imagic No March 1982 2,000,000 [57]
12 Night Driver Atari Yes June 1980 1,990,643 [n 12]
13 Berzerk Stern Yes August 1982 1,870,642 [n 13]
14 Centipede Atari Yes March 1982 1,815,661 [n 14]
14 Warlords Atari Yes 1981 1,788,462 [n 15]
15 Breakout Atari Yes November 1978 1,678,965 [n 16]
16 Kaboom! Activision No July 1981 1,500,000 [61]
17 River Raid Activision No December 1982 1,500,000 [66]
18 Atari Football Atari Yes 1978 1,000,000 [56][63]
19 Raiders of the Lost Ark Atari No November 1982 1,000,000 [63]
20 Vanguard Tose / SNK Yes 1982 1,000,000 [56][64]
21 Missile Command Atari Yes April 1981 1,000,000
22 Adventure Atari No July 1980 1,000,000 [67]
Laser Blast Activision No March 1981 1,000,000 [68]
Freeway Activision No July 1981 1,000,000
Yars' Revenge Atari No May 1982 1,000,000 [63]
Atlantis Imagic No July 1982 1,000,000 [69]
The Empire Strikes Back Parker No July 1982 1,000,000 [70]
Cosmic Ark Imagic No August 1982 1,000,000 [57]
Megamania Activision No October 1982 1,000,000 [69]

ColecoVision[]

Rank Title Company Arcade port Release year Sales Ref
1 Donkey Kong Nintendo Yes 1982 2,000,000 [71][7]
2 Zaxxon Sega Yes 1982 600,000+ [72][73]
3 Cosmic Avenger Universal Yes 1982 600,000+ [7]
4 Miner 2049er Micro Fun No 1983 600,000 [73]

Intellivision[]

Rank Title Company Arcade port Release year Sales Ref
1 BurgerTime Data East Yes 1983 2,000,000+ [58]
2 Astrosmash Mattel No 1981 2,000,000 [60]
3 Las Vegas Poker & Blackjack Mattel No 1979 1,939,400 [59]
4 Major League Baseball Mattel No 1980 1,085,700 [62]
5 NFL Football Mattel No 1980 980,200
6 Tron: Deadly Discs Mattel No 1982 975,000 [7]
7 Space Battle Mattel No 1980 972,000 [74]
8 Space Armada Mattel No 1981 931,100
9 Star Strike Mattel No 1982 837,500
10 Advanced Dungeons & Dragons: Cloudy Mountain Mattel No 1982 698,000 [75]
11 Armor Battle Mattel No 1979 571,600
12 Auto Racing Mattel No 1980 565,200 [62]
13 Lock 'n' Chase Data East Yes 1982 539,000 [75]
14 Sea Battle Mattel No 1980 529,200
15 NBA Basketball Mattel No 1980 518,100 [62]
16 Triple Action Mattel No 1981 503,400 [75]
17 Boxing Mattel No 1980 475,700 [62]
18 Space Hawk Mattel No 1982 467,900 [74]
19 U.S. Ski Team Skiing Mattel No 1980 427,500 [62]
20 PBA Bowling Mattel No 1981 383,100

Apple II[]

The following titles were the best-selling Apple II computer games between 1980 and 1984.[76][77]

Rank Title Developer / Publisher Points
[76][77] 		Sales (est.)
[n 17][77][78] 		Genre
[76] 		Ref
1 Choplifter Broderbund Software 1,881.29 190,000 Arcade
2 Wizardry Sir-Tech 1,744.36 190,000 RPG [78]
3 Pac-Man Namco 1,464.63 150,000 Arcade
— Snack Attack (Pac-Man) Namco / Datamost 1,000.30 100,000
Snoggle (Pac-Man) Jun Wada 417.23 42,000
Apple Puck Man (Pac-Man) Jun Wada 47.10 5,000
4 Zork Infocom 1,091.44 100,000 Adventure
5 Galaxian Namco 804.34 85,000 Arcade
— Alien Rain (Apple Galaxian) Tony Suzuki 554.40 60,000
Star Cruiser (Galaxian) Nasir Gebelli 249.94 25,000
6 Castle Wolfenstein MUSE 749.84 70,000
7 Flight Simulator SubLogic 717.81 70,000 Flight sim
8 Lode Runner Broderbund Software 705.57 70,000 Arcade
9 Miner 2049er Micro Fun 690.48 70,000
10 Zaxxon Sega 677.46 70,000
11 Raster Blaster BudgeCo 660.12 66,000
12 Gorgon Nasir Gebelli 638.87 60,000
13 Apple Panic (Space Panic) Universal 630.66 60,000
14 Wizardry II: Knight of Diamonds Sir-Tech 623.39 60,000 RPG
15 Frogger Konami / Sega 572.57 60,000 Arcade
16 Star Blazer Tony Suzuki 565.77 60,000
17 Wizard and the Princess On-Line Systems 548.50 50,000 Adventure
18 Sargon II Hayden Software 498.38 50,000 Strategy
19 Flight Simulator II SubLogic 482.06 48,000 Flight sim
20 Early Games for Young Children Early Game Company 461.26 46,000 Education
21 Space Eggs (Moon Cresta) Nasir Gebelli / Nichibutsu 445.57 45,000 Arcade
22 Wizardry III: Legacy of Llylgamyn Sir-Tech 384.12 38,000 RPG
23 Mystery House On-Line Systems 378.26 38,000 Adventure
24 Cannonball Blitz On-Line Systems 362.59 36,000 Arcade
25 Adventure Microsoft 359.43 36,000 Adventure
26 Pinball Construction Set BudgeCo 358.37 36,000 Arcade
27 Ultima California Pacific 344.65 30,000 RPG
28 The Arcade Machine Broderbund Software 344.62 30,000 Arcade
29 Bill Budge's Space Album California Pacific 342.29 30,000
30 Zork II Infocom 330.27 30,000 Adventure
31 Olympic Decathlon Microsoft 321.69 30,000 Arcade
32 Exodus: Ultima III Origin Systems 319.18 30,000 RPG
33 Aztec DataMost 316.55 30,000 Arcade
34 One on One Electronic Arts 311.88 30,000
35 Odyssey Synergistic Software 304.51 30,000 RPG
36 Ultima II Sierra On-Line 299.58 30,000
37 Temple of Apshai Automated Simulations 296.80 30,000
38 David's Midnight Magic Broderbund Software 280.50 30,000 Arcade
39 Swashbuckler DataMost 278.87 30,000
40 Super Invader (Space Invaders) M. Hata / Taito 263.18 30,000
41 A2-PB1 Pinball: Night Mission SubLogic 262.55 26,000
42 Sneakers Sirius Software 260.10 26,000
43 Deadline Infocom 259.29 26,000 Adventure
44 ABM MUSE 254.45 25,000 Arcade
45 Asteroids in Space Quality Software 251.14 25,000
46 Dogfight Bill Basham 244.37 20,000
47 Planetoids (Asteroids) Adventure International 244.19 20,000
48 Hellfire Warrior Automated Simulations 237.70 20,000
49 Cranston Manor On-Line Systems 231.70 20,000 Adventure
50 Warp Factor Strategic Simulations 231.01 20,000 Strategy

Other platforms[]

System Type Top-selling game Company Release year Sales Ref
Atari 5200 Console Pac-Man Namco 1982 1,000,000 [79]
Galaxian Namco 1982 [7]
Star Raiders Atari
Fairchild Channel F Console Hockey Fairchild 1976 350,000 [15][80]
Tennis
Magnavox Odyssey² Console Pickaxe Pete Philips 1982 [7]
K.C.'s Krazy Chase!
Atari 400 / 800 Computer Pole Position Namco 1983 [81]
Ms. Pac-Man
Frogger Konami / Sega 1982 [7]
Centipede Atari
TI-99/4A Computer TI Invaders Taito 1981 [7]
Hunt the Wumpus PCC

Notes[]

  1. ↑ 3.8 million up until 1982.[54] 7,503 in 1986. 8,558 in 1987. 12,120 in 1988. 11,558 in 1989. 4,705 in 1990.[55]
  2. ↑ 3,006,790 in 1982 (with at least 68,993 returned in 1983).[56] 2,298 in 1986. 6,160 in 1987. 24,741 in 1988. 695 in 1989.[55]
  3. ↑ 2,637,985 in 1982 (with at least 669,733 returned in 1983).[56] 1,138 in 1986. 88,338 in 1987. 3,131 in 1988. 9,586 in 1989. 54 in 1990.[55]
  4. ↑ 161,352 in 1980. 779,547 in 1981. 457,058 in 1982. 580,959 in 1983.[56] 84 in 1986. 7,227 in 1987. 4,416 in 1988.[55]
  5. ↑ 1,798,773 in 1982 (with at least 20,314 returned in 1983).[56] 2,046 in 1986. 54,444 in 1987. 15,170 in 1988. 209 in 1989.[55]
  6. ↑ 1,475,240 in 1982.[56] 49,774 in 1986. 150,572 in 1987. 107,168 in 1988. 21,973 in 1989. 10,934 in 1990.[55]
  7. ↑ 936,861 in 1981. 420,924 in 1982. 372,454 in 1983.[56] 11,412 in 1986. 6,370 in 1987. 38,504 in 1988. 1,865 in 1989. 72 in 1990.[55]
  8. ↑ 256,265 in 1980. 838,635 in 1981. 242,764 in 1982. 312,672 in 1983.[56] 7,060 in 1986. 1,680 in 1987. 19,889 in 1988.[55]
  9. ↑ 3.8 million up until 1982.[65] 7,503 in 1986. 8,558 in 1987. 12,120 in 1988. 11,558 in 1989. 4,705 in 1990.[55]
  10. ↑ 3,006,790 in 1982 (with at least 68,993 returned in 1983).[56] 2,298 in 1986. 6,160 in 1987. 24,741 in 1988. 695 in 1989.[55]
  11. ↑ 2,637,985 in 1982 (with at least 669,733 returned in 1983).[56] 1,138 in 1986. 88,338 in 1987. 3,131 in 1988. 9,586 in 1989. 54 in 1990.[55]
  12. ↑ 161,352 in 1980. 779,547 in 1981. 457,058 in 1982. 580,959 in 1983.[56] 84 in 1986. 7,227 in 1987. 4,416 in 1988.[55]
  13. ↑ 1,798,773 in 1982 (with at least 20,314 returned in 1983).[56] 2,046 in 1986. 54,444 in 1987. 15,170 in 1988. 209 in 1989.[55]
  14. ↑ 1,475,240 in 1982.[56] 49,774 in 1986. 150,572 in 1987. 107,168 in 1988. 21,973 in 1989. 10,934 in 1990.[55]
  15. ↑ 936,861 in 1981. 420,924 in 1982. 372,454 in 1983.[56] 11,412 in 1986. 6,370 in 1987. 38,504 in 1988. 1,865 in 1989. 72 in 1990.[55]
  16. ↑ 256,265 in 1980. 838,635 in 1981. 242,764 in 1982. 312,672 in 1983.[56] 7,060 in 1986. 1,680 in 1987. 19,889 in 1988.[55]
  17. ↑ 1,744.36 points equivalent to 190,000 units (Wizardry) = 100 units per point (est.)

References[]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 The New York Times Guide to Essential Knowledge: A Desk Reference for the Curious Mind (2011), page 500
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 "ColecoVision - 1982-1984". ClassicGaming. IGN. Archived from the original on 2008-02-16. Retrieved 2008-05-16.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Mattel Intellivision - 1980–1984". ClassicGaming. IGN. Archived from the original on 2008-02-17. Retrieved 2008-05-16.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Ask Hal: Frequently Asked Questions to the Blue Sky Rangers". Intellivision Productions. Retrieved 2008-11-03.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Timeline". Intellivision Productions. Retrieved 2008-11-03.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2206&dat=19771220&id=bDs0AAAAIBAJ&sjid=yOsFAAAAIBAJ&pg=2946,4068969
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 Hilliard, S. Lee (December 1982), "Cash In On the Video Game Craze", Black Enterprise (Earl G. Graves, Ltd.) 12 (5): pp. 41–2, ISSN 0006-4165, https://books.google.com/books?id=N6pacvfrf0wC&pg=PA41, retrieved May 1, 2011
  8. ↑ Co-opetition (1996), page 238
  9. ↑ http://segaretro.org/SG-1000
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 "Magnavox Odyssey 2". IGN. Retrieved 2011-08-27.
  11. ↑ http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1755&dat=19781210&id=MJwcAAAAIBAJ&sjid=jmcEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3753,5716072
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Schrage, Michael (1984-05-22). "Atari Introduces Game In Attempt for Survival". Washington Post: C3. "The company has stopped producing its 5200 SuperSystem games player, more than 1 million of which were sold."
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "株式会社 エポツク杜 堀江正幸氏 (Epoch and the Cassette Vision)". 1997. p. 9. Archived from the original on 2015-10-23. Retrieved August 29, 2017.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 Koyama, Yusuke (2023-06-02). History of the Japanese Video Game Industry. Springer Nature. pp. 44-6. ISBN 978-981-99-1342-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=uITCEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA44.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Edwards, Benj (January 22, 2015). "The Untold Story Of The Invention Of The Game Cartridge". Fast Company. Retrieved July 29, 2020.
  16. ↑ http://www.digitpress.com/library/magazines/video/video_dec81.pdf#page=4
  17. ↑ "The Imagination Machine - Georgia State University News -". Georgia State News Hub. 15 March 2018. Retrieved 6 May 2022.
  18. ↑ https://infoconsolas.com/en/apf-m1000-and-apf-mp1000-100-retro-en/
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 https://www.computinghistory.org.uk/det/62887/Bandai-TV-Jack-5000/
  20. ↑ http://videogamekraken.com/video-cassette-rock-by-takatoku
  21. ↑ http://videogamekraken.com/visicom-c-100-by-toshiba
  22. ↑ Steil, Michael (2011-02-01). "How many Commodore 64 computers were really sold?". Pagetable.com. Archived from the original on 2016-03-06. Retrieved 2017-03-18.
  23. ↑ "Videogaming: The Odyssey". EDGE Magazine (Future Publishing): 76. January 2000. https://retrocdn.net/images/6/64/Edge_UK_080.pdf.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 Reimer, Jeremy (2005-12-15). "Total share: 30 years of personal computer market share figures". Ars Technica. Retrieved 2021-11-27.
  25. ↑ https://retrocdn.net/images/9/93/JeuxetStrategie_FR_29.pdf#page=24
  26. ↑ "トミー、3万円割るパソコン『ぴゅう太-MK2』を発売。" [Tomy released the personal computer "Pyuta-MK2" that breaks ¥30,000] (in Japanese). Nikkei Sangyo Shimbun. 30 May 1984. p. 14.
  27. ↑ "Video Game Sales: 1972-1999". Gaming Alexandria. June 7, 2021.
  28. ↑ Gareth R. Jones; Charles W.L. Hill (2007). Strategic management: an integrated approach (7th ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. C-123. ISBN 0-618-73166-0. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=P8q5AAAAIAAJ&q=%22By+this+point,+second-place+Fairchild+sold+around+250000+units%22&dq=%22By+this+point,+second-place+Fairchild+sold+around+250000+units%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=6-FIT4SdB6mb1AX0zsSVDg&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAA. Retrieved 25 February 2012. "By this point, second-place Fairchild sold around 250,000 units of its system."
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 Droidmaker: George Lucas and the Digital Revolution. p. 293. Archived from the original on 2006-01-03. https://web.archive.org/web/20060103185912/www.gamasutra.com/features/20051221/Droidmaker.Ch18.pdf.
  30. ↑ http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1499&dat=19800826&id=3OAjAAAAIBAJ&sjid=tSsEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2734,3092761
  31. ↑ http://www.2600connection.com/articles/arcade_alley/arcade_alley_dec80.pdf
  32. ↑ Greenberg, Jonathan (April 13, 1981). "Japanese invaders: Move over Asteroids and Defenders, the next adversary in the electronic video game wars may be even tougher to beat". Forbes 127 (8): 98, 102. https://jonathangreenberg.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Japanese-Invaders-April-13-1981.pdf.
  33. ↑ Bloom, Steve (1982). "The Next Step". Video Invaders. Arco Pub.. pp. 107-109 (108). ISBN 978-0-668-05518-5. https://www.digitpress.com/library/books/book_video_invaders.pdf#page=129.
  34. ↑ http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2206&dat=19820317&id=zoEmAAAAIBAJ&sjid=VAEGAAAAIBAJ&pg=2694,1926878
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2206&dat=19821025&id=u9wlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=J_MFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4028,2960761
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1915&dat=19820306&id=jQEhAAAAIBAJ&sjid=SXUFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4884,1190162
  37. ↑ "昔(1970年代）のテレビゲームは何台売れた？ (How many old (1970s) video games sold?)". Classic Videogame Station Odyssey (CVS Odyssey) (in Japanese). 2014-01-09. Archived from the original on 2014-01-09. Retrieved 16 April 2021. {{cite web}}: More than one of |archivedate= and |archive-date= specified (help); More than one of |archiveurl= and |archive-url= specified (help)
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 "Console Sales, 1982". Computer Entertainer 2 (7): 99. October 1983. https://www.ataricompendium.com/archives/newsletters/video_game_update/video_game_update_oct83.pdf#page=3.
  39. ↑ "Coleco hits with home video games", Business Week: 31, 1983-01-24, "Most of 1982's action was in the second half, when Coleco shipped 550,000 ColecoVision game machines--which sell for $169 to $189--booking orders for nearly that many more."
  40. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=fC4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA104
  41. ↑ Guins, Raiford (2014-01-24). Game After: A Cultural Study of Video Game Afterlife. MIT Press. pp. 324. ISBN 978-0-262-32018-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=ijOkAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA324.
  42. ↑ "Coleco Strong In Marketing", New York Times, 1983-08-01, "Since its introduction last fall, Colecovision has sold about 1.4 million units...Of that total, about 900,000 were sold this year, compared with 800,000 units by Atari and 300,000 by Mattel."
  43. ↑ Secretan, Lance H. K. (1986). Managerial Moxie: A Basic Strategy for the Corporate Trenches. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. pp. 49. ISBN 978-0-03-928852-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=PVUOgovXuZAC. "Industry observers estimate that while Intellivision unit sales sank from 1.1 million units in 1982 to 550,000 in 1983, Coleco Vision unit sales rocketed from 550,000 to 1.2 million"
  44. ↑ Coleco Industries sales report, PR Newswire, 1984-04-17, "'First quarter sales of ColecoVision were substantial, although much less that [sic] those for the year ago quarter,' Greenberg said in a prepared statement. He said the company has sold 2 million ColecoVision games since its introduction in 1982."
  45. ↑ http://www.nytimes.com/1986/09/27/business/video-games-once-zapped-in-comeback.html
  46. ↑ http://mcurrent.name/atarihistory/tramel_technology.html
  47. ↑ http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1499&dat=19890211&id=QWcaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=zysEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4038,2242488
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 "Video-based firm expected to explode onto market". The Phoenix. 11 December 1982. https://books.google.com/books?id=zEFgAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA21&article_id=4935,3418546.
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 49.2 49.3 Pac-Man
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 Space Invaders
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 Donkey Kong
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 "Ed English: 2600 (Frogger, Mr. Do!, Roc 'n Rope)" (PDF). Digital Press. No. 52. May–June 2003. p. 7. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 1, 2022. Retrieved April 19, 2021.
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