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1978

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In 1978, the golden age of arcade video games began with Taito's release of Space Invaders, the first blockbuster in the history of video games. This led to video games expanding into a mainstream industry, while at the same time displacing electro‑mechanical games (EM games) in arcades.[1] However, the home console market in the United States was still experiencing the effects of the 1977 crash, which it would eventually recover from in 1980.

Space Invaders sets the record for the highest-grossing video game of all time, a record it still holds to this day when its revenue is adjusted for inflation. In terms of unit sales, the year's best‑selling electronic game is Nintendo's Color TV‑Game home video game console, which was only available in Japan.

Financial performance[]

The following table lists the annual sales and revenue generated by the electronic games industry this year, including video games and electro‑mechanical games. See sections below for breakdown of revenue estimates.

Industry Products Market Unit sales Annual revenue (est.) Ref
Nominal Inflation
Electronic games United States 9,150,000 $2,661,000,000 $12,800,000,000
Japan 10,142,500 $2,076,000,000 $10,000,000,000
Arcade games Worldwide 289,500+ $4,140,000,000 $20,000,000,000
Arcade Arcade games United States 70,000+ $2,200,000,000 $10,600,000,000 [2]
Japan 212,500 $1,900,000,000 $9,200,000,000 [3][4]
Arcade video games Europe 7,000+ $40,000,000 $190,000,000 [5][6]
Electro‑mechanical games 37,500+ $1,750,000,000 $8,400,000,000
Arcade Electro‑mechanical games United States — $1,430,000,000 $6,900,000,000 [2]
Japan 37,500 $320,000,000 $1,500,000,000 [7]
Video games Worldwide 7,582,000+ $2,572,000,000 $12,000,000,000
Arcade Arcade video games Japan 175,000 $1,600,000,000 $7,700,000,000 [7][4]
United States 70,000 $490,000,000 $2,400,000,000 [8][9]
Europe 7,000+ $40,000,000+ $190,000,000+ [5][6]
Worldwide 252,000+ $2,130,000,000 $10,300,000,000
Console Video game consoles United States 2,700,000 $250,000,000 $1,200,000,000 [8]
Worldwide 4,630,000 $356,000,000 $1,700,000,000
Dedicated consoles Japan 1,930,000 $106,000,000 $510,000,000 [10][11]
United States 1,800,000 $120,000,000 $580,000,000 [8]
Worldwide 3,730,000 $226,000,000 $1,100,000,000
Cartridge consoles United States 900,000 $130,000,000 $630,000,000 [8]
Video game cartridges United States 2,700,000 $86,000,000 $13,000,000 [8][9]
Console games United States 5,400,000 $336,000,000 $1,600,000,000
Worldwide 7,330,000 $442,000,000 $2,100,000,000
Video games Japan 2,105,000 $1,686,000,000 $8,100,000,000
United States 5,470,000 $826,000,000 $4,000,000,000
Handheld electronic games Worldwide 11,680,000 $195,000,000 $940,000,000
Handheld Handheld electronic games United States 3,680,000 $125,000,000 $600,000,000 [8]
Japan 8,000,000 $70,000,000 $340,000,000 [12]
Electronic games Worldwide 19,299,500+ $4,777,000,000 $23,000,000,000

Electronic games[]

Highest-grossing games[]

Space Invaders was the top-grossing video game worldwide in 1978.[13] The following table lists the highest-grossing electronic games worldwide in 1978, including video games, electro-mechanical games (EM games), audio games and handheld electronic (HE) games across arcades and homes. See sections below for breakdown of revenue estimates.

Rank Title Company Worldwide revenue (est.) Genre Type Platform
Nominal Inflation
1 Space Invaders Taito $1,300,000,000 $6,300,000,000 Shmup VG Arcade
2 Block Out IPM (Irem) $200,000,000 $1,000,000,000 Block
3 Super Speed Race V Taito $62,000,000 $300,000,000 Racing
4 Color TV-Game 6 / 15 Nintendo $57,000,000 $270,000,000 Sports VG Console
5 EVR Race Nintendo $56,000,000 $270,000,000 Medal EM Arcade
6 Western Gun Taito $30,000,000 $145,000,000 Shooter VG Arcade
Space Wars Cinematronics $30,000,000 $145,000,000
8 Color TV-Racing 112 Nintendo $29,000,000 $140,000,000 Racing VG Console
Scratch Universal $29,000,000 $140,000,000 Block VG Arcade
10 Speed Race DX Taito $26,000,000 $130,000,000 Racing VG Arcade
11 Sprint 2 Atari $24,000,000 $120,000,000
12 Mattel Football Mattel $23,000,000 $110,000,000 Sports LED Handheld
13 Mogura Taiji / Tataki TOGO $22,000,000 $110,000,000 Mole EM Multi-plat
14 EVR Basketball Nintendo $20,000,000 $100,000,000 Medal EM Arcade
15 Sea Wolf Midway $19,000,000 $92,000,000 Shooter VG Arcade
Simon Milton $19,000,000 $92,000,000 Audio LED Handheld
17 Cosmic Monsters Universal $18,000,000 $87,000,000 Shmup VG Arcade
F-1 Namco $18,000,000 $87,000,000 Racing EM
19 Circus Exidy $16,000,000 $77,000,000 Block VG Arcade
Faro II Sega $16,000,000 $77,000,000 Medal EM

Best-selling games[]

The following titles were the year's best-selling electronic games worldwide in terms of unit sales, including video games, LED games and EM games across arcade and home markets. See sections below for breakdown of sales estimates.

No. Title Company Unit sales (est.) Genre Platform Type
1 Color TV-Game 6 / 15 Nintendo 1,200,000 Pong Console VG
2 Mattel Football Mattel 900,000 Sports Handheld LED
3 Simon Milton 750,000 Audio Handheld LED
4 Mogura Tataki Bandai 550,000 Mole Handheld EM
5 Color TV-Racing 112 Nintendo 500,000 Racing Console VG
6 Play•O•Tronic Zanussi 470,000+ Pong Console VG
7 Bandai Baseball Bandai 300,000 Sports Handheld LED
Combat Atari 300,000 Shooter Atari VCS VG
9 Epoch TV Baseball Epoch 230,000 Sports Console VG
10 Space Invaders Taito 118,000 Shmup Arcade
11 Hockey Fairchild 50,000 Sports Channel F VG
Tennis Fairchild 50,000
13 Microchess Micro-Ware 45,000 Chess Computers
14 Block Out IPM (Irem) 35,000 Block Arcade
15 Space Wars Cinematronics 10,000 Shooter
Super Speed Race V Taito 10,000 Racing
17 Acrobat Taito 5,000 Block Arcade VG
Cosmic Monsters Universal 5,000 Shmup
Gee Bee Namco 5,000 Action
Submarine Namco 5,000 FPS Arcade EM

Arcade games[]

Highest-grossing arcade games[]

The following table lists the highest-grossing arcade games worldwide in 1978, including both video games and electro-mechanical games. See sub-sections below for breakdown of revenue estimates.

Rank Title Company Worldwide revenue (est.) Genre Type Generation
Nominal Inflation
1 Space Invaders Taito $1,300,000,000 $6,300,000,000 Shmup Video 8-bit
2 Block Out IPM (Irem) $200,000,000 $1,000,000,000 Block Video Discrete
3 Super Speed Race V Taito $62,000,000 $300,000,000 Racing Video 8-bit
4 EVR Race Nintendo $56,000,000 $270,000,000 Medal Electro-mechanical
5 Space Wars Cinematronics $30,000,000 $145,000,000 Shooter Video Discrete
Western Gun Taito $30,000,000 $145,000,000
7 Scratch Universal $29,000,000 $140,000,000 Block Video 8-bit
8 Speed Race DX Taito $26,000,000 $130,000,000 Racing Video Discrete
9 Sprint 2 Atari $24,000,000 $120,000,000 Racing Video 8-bit
10 EVR Basketball Nintendo $20,000,000 $96,000,000 Medal Electro-mechanical
11 Sea Wolf Midway $19,000,000 $92,000,000 Shooter Video 8-bit
12 Cosmic Monsters Universal $18,000,000 $87,000,000 Shmup Video 8-bit
13 F-1 Namco $18,000,000 $87,000,000 Racing Electro-mechanical
14 Circus Exidy $16,000,000 $77,000,000 Block Video 8-bit
Faro II Sega $16,000,000 $77,000,000 Medal Electro-mechanical
16 Sea Wolf II Midway $15,000,000 $72,000,000 Shooter Video 8-bit
17 Super Bug Atari $15,000,000 $72,000,000 Racing
18 Starship 1 Atari $15,000,000 $72,000,000 Shooter
19 Breakout Atari $15,000,000 $72,000,000 Block Video Discrete
20 Night Driver Atari $15,000,000 $72,000,000 Racing Video 8-bit

Best-selling arcade games[]

The following titles were the year's best-selling arcade games worldwide in terms of unit sales, including EM games and video games. See sections below for breakdown of sales estimates.

No. Title Company Release Unit sales (est.) Genre Type Generation
Annual Cume
1 Space Invaders Taito 1978 118,000 118,000 Shmup Video 8-bit
2 Block Out IPM (Irem) 1978 35,000 35,000 Block Video Discrete
3 Space Wars Cinematronics 1977 10,000 10,000 Shooter
Super Speed Race V Taito 1978 10,000 10,000 Racing
5 Acrobat Taito 1977 5,000 5,000 Block Video 8-bit
Cosmic Monsters Universal 1978 5,000 5,000 Shmup
Gee Bee Namco 1978 5,000 5,000 Action
Submarine Namco 1978 5,000 5,000 FPS Electro-mechanical
9 Blasto Sega 1978 4,000 4,000 Shooter Video 8-bit
Faro II Sega 1977 4,000 4,000 Medal Electro-mechanical
Sea Wolf II Midway 1978 4,000 4,000 Shooter Video 8-bit
Super Breakout Namco 1978 4,000 4,000 Block
13 Castle Take Sankyo 1978 3,000 3,000 Block Video Discrete
Sū Ate Game Universal — 3,000 3,000 Medal Electro-mechanical
15 Shoot Away Namco 1977 2,000 9,000 FPS Electro-mechanical
16 TV 21 Jatre 1976 2,000 3,000 Medal
17 Blue Shark Taito 1978 2,000 2,000 Shooter VG 8-bit
Clay Champ Namco 1978 2,000 2,000 FPS Electro-mechanical
Color Bingo Taito 1975 2,000 2,000 Medal
Get A Way Universal 1978 2,000 2,000 Racing VG 16-bit
Harness Deluxe Fuji 1975 2,000 2,000 Medal Electro-mechanical
Pai Pai 45 Daito 1978 2,000 2,000 Pachinko
TV Poker Sigma 1978 2,000 2,000 Medal

Arcade markets[]

The following table lists the top-grossing arcade game of 1978 in various markets.

Top game Developer Distributor Market Unit sales Gross revenue (est.)
Nominal Inflation Ref
Space Invaders Taito Taito Japan 100,000[4] $1,200,000,000 $5,800,000,000 [4]
Midway USA 11,000[5] $100,000,000 $480,000,000 [14][15][16]
Europe 7,000[5] $40,000,000 $190,000,000 [6]
Space Invaders Taito Worldwide 118,000 $1,300,000,000 $6,300,000,000

Japan[]

In Japan, the following titles were the highest-grossing arcade games of 1978, according to the third annual Game Machine chart, which lists both arcade video games (VG) and electro-mechanical games (EM games). Taito's Space Invaders was the first video game to become highest-grossing overall arcade game on the annual Game Machine charts, after the two previous charts were topped by an EM game, F-1 by Namco.[17][18]

No. Title Co. Year Ranks[17] Cabinets (est.)[n 1][20] Revenue (est.)[n 2][n 3] Genre Type
1 2 3 Pt. Units Sales Pt. Gross
1 Space Invaders [4][21] Taito 1978 48 7 4 59 100,000 100,000 162 $1,200,000,000 Shmup VG
2 Block Out [22][21] IPM (Irem) 1978 — — — — 35,000 35,000 — $200,000,000 Block VG
3 Super Speed Race V [23] Taito 1978 1 18 8 27 10,000 10,000 47 $62,000,000 Racing
4 EVR Race [24][25] Nintendo 1975 8 8 3 19 10,000 — 43 $56,000,000 Medal EM
5 Scratch Universal 1977 3 4 5 12 10,000 — 22 $29,000,000 Block VG
6 Speed Race DX [26] Taito 1975 3 4 3 10 10,000+ — 20 $26,000,000 Racing
7 EVR Basketball [20] Nintendo 1976 3 2 2 7 5,000 — 15 $20,000,000 Medal EM
8 F-1 [27] Namco 1976 2 4 0 6 10,000+ — 14 $18,000,000 Racing
9 Cosmic Monsters Universal 1978 2 3 0 5 5,000 5,000 14 $18,000,000 Shmup VG
10 Faro II Sega 1977 1 3 3 7 4,000 4,000 12 $16,000,000 Medal EM
11 Shoot Away Namco 1977 0 2 7 9 9,000 2,000 11 $14,000,000 FPS
12 King of Kings Universal 1977 3 0 2 5 3,000 1,000 11 $14,000,000 Medal
13 Mogura Taiji [20] TOGO 1975 1 2 2 5 9,000 — 9 $12,000,000 Mole
14 Acrobat Taito 1977 1 2 2 5 5,000 5,000 9 $12,000,000 Block VG
15 Kentucky Derby Universal 1975 2 1 1 4 2,000 1,000 9 $12,000,000 Medal EM
16 Piccadilly Circus [23] Konami 1976 1 1 3 5 5,000 — 8 $10,000,000
17 Gee Bee Namco 1978 1 1 3 5 5,000 5,000 8 $10,000,000 Action VG
18 Submarine Namco 1978 0 3 2 5 5,000 5,000 8 $10,000,000 FPS EM
18 Sū Ate Game[n 4] Universal — 2 1 0 3 3,000 3,000 8 $10,000,000 Medal
20 Super Breakout Namco 1978 0 2 2 4 4,000 4,000 6 $8,000,000 Block VG
21 Color Bingo Taito 1975 0 3 0 3 2,000 2,000 6 $8,000,000 Medal EM
22 Harness Deluxe Fuji[n 5] 1975 2 0 0 2 2,000 2,000 6 $8,000,000
23 TV 21 Jatre 1976 0 2 1 3 3,000 2,000 5 $7,000,000
24 TV Poker[n 6] Sigma[n 7] 1978 1 1 0 2 2,000 2,000 5 $7,000,000
25 Black Jack [20] Sega 1976 0 2 1 3 6,000 — 5 $7,000,000
26 Castle Take[n 8] Sankyo 1978 0 1 2 3 3,000 3,000 4 $5,000,000 Block VG
27 Super High Point[n 9] Pabco[n 10] — 0 2 0 2 1,000 1,000 4 $5,000,000 Medal EM
28 Pachipot 100[n 11] Apollo[n 12] 1977 0 1 2 3 2,000 — 4 $5,000,000
29 Harness Race [20] Sega 1974 1 0 0 1 8,000 — 3 $4,000,000
30 Pai Pai 45[n 13] Daito[n 14] 1978 0 1 1 2 2,000 2,000 3 $4,000,000 Pachinko
31 Sprint 2 Namco 1976 0 1 1 2 2,000 — 3 $4,000,000 Racing VG
32 Super Star [20] Universal 1975 1 0 0 1 2,000 — 3 $4,000,000 Medal EM
33 P.T. Nyankoro IPM 1978 1 0 0 1 1,000 1,000 3 $4,000,000 Block VG
34 Bank Robbers[n 15] Kasco 1977 1 0 0 1 1,000 1,000 3 $4,000,000 FPS EM
35 Grand Prix Four Sega 1978 1 0 0 1 1,000 1,000 3 $4,000,000 Medal
Hitmaker[n 16] Pabco[n 17] 1978 1 0 0 1 1,000 1,000 3 $4,000,000
37 VTR Race[n 18] Fuji[n 19] 1976 1 0 0 1 1,000 500 3 $4,000,000
38 Punto Banko Sega 1975 1 0 0 1 1,000 — 3 $4,000,000
The Derby Sigma[n 20] 1975 1 0 0 1 1,000 — 3 $4,000,000
40 Animal Touch Shōwa[n 21] 1977 1 0 0 1 500 — 3 $4,000,000
41 Blue Shark Taito 1978 0 0 2 2 2,000 2,000 2 $3,000,000 Shooter VG
Clay Champ Namco 1978 0 0 2 2 2,000 2,000 2 $3,000,000 FPS EM
Get A Way Universal 1978 0 0 2 2 2,000 2,000 2 $3,000,000 Racing VG
44 Oni Nakase[n 22][28] Baba Kashio 1978 0 1 0 1 1,000 1,000 2 $3,000,000 Sports EM
Star Fire Taito 1978 0 1 0 1 1,000 1,000 2 $3,000,000 Shooter VG
46 Continental Mark V Universal — 0 1 0 1 500 500 2 $3,000,000 Medal EM
47 Black Emperor[n 23] Waipu[n 24] 1976 0 0 1 1 1,000 1,000 1 $1,000,000 Medal EM
Double Block Sega 1978 0 0 1 1 1,000 1,000 1 $1,000,000 Block VG
G.T. Block Challenger Sun 1978 0 0 1 1 1,000 1,000 1 $1,000,000
Osaru no Kagoya[n 25] Taito — 0 0 1 1 1,000 1,000 1 $1,000,000 Misc EM
Touch Action[n 26][29] Komaya 1978 0 0 1 1 1,000 1,000 1 $1,000,000 Rhythm
52 Big Shot[n 27] Pabco[n 28] — 0 0 1 1 500 500 1 $1,000,000 Medal EM
53 Circus [20] Taito 1977 0 0 1 1 5,000 — 1 $1,000,000 Block VG
54 Big & Small [30] Universal 1976 0 0 1 1 2,000 — 1 $1,000,000 Medal EM
Heli-Shooter Sega 1977 0 0 1 1 2,000 — 1 $1,000,000 FPS
56 Million Dice [20] Bonanza[n 29] 1977 0 0 1 1 1,000 — 1 $1,000,000 Medal
New Winter Book Universal 1974 0 0 1 1 1,000 — 1 $1,000,000
Market [3][31] 116 116 116 348 500,000+ 212,500 696 $1,900,000,000
Video games 141+ 198,000+ 175,000 449 $1,600,000,000
EM games 116+ 119,000+ 37,500 247 $320,000,000

United States[]

In the United States, the following titles were the highest-grossing arcade video games in 1978.

Rank Title[32] Company Cabinet sales[8] Gross revenue (est.) Genre
Annual Cume Nominal[1][32] Inflation Ref
1 Space Invaders Taito 11,000[5] 11,000 $100,000,000 $480,000,000 [14][15] Shmup
2 Space Wars Cinematronics 10,000[33] 10,000 $30,000,000 $140,000,000 [33] Shooter
3 Sprint 2 Atari — 8,200[34] $20,000,000 $96,000,000 Racing
4 Sea Wolf Midway — 10,000[35] $19,000,000 $92,000,000 Shooter
5 Sea Wolf II Midway 4,000[35] 4,000 $15,000,000 $72,000,000 [36][15]
6 Super Bug Atari — 3,500[34] $15,000,000 $72,000,000 [15] Racing
7 Starship 1 Atari — 1,900[34] $15,000,000 $72,000,000 [15] Shooter
8 Circus Exidy — — $15,000,000 $72,000,000 Block
9 Breakout Atari — 11,000[34] $15,000,000 $72,000,000
10 Night Driver Atari — 2,100[34] $15,000,000 $72,000,000 [15] Racing
11 Sprint 1 Atari — — $15,000,000 $72,000,000 Racing
12 Clowns Midway — — $15,000,000 $72,000,000 Block
13 Fire Truck Atari — — $15,000,000 $72,000,000 Racing
14 Laguna Racer Midway — — $15,000,000 $72,000,000
15 Robot Bowl Exidy — — $15,000,000 $72,000,000 Sports
16 Destroyer Atari — — $15,000,000 $72,000,000 Shooter
17 M-79 Ramtek — — $15,000,000 $72,000,000
18 Drag Race Atari — 1,900[34] $15,000,000 $72,000,000 [15] Racing
19 Sprint 4 Atari — — $15,000,000 $72,000,000 Racing
20 Double Play Midway — — $15,000,000 $72,000,000 Sports
21 Boot Hill Taito — — $15,000,000 $72,000,000 Shooter
22 Comotion Sega — — $15,000,000 $72,000,000 Snake
Datsun 280 ZZZAP Midway — — $15,000,000 $72,000,000 Racing
Gun Fight Taito — 8,600[37] $15,000,000 $72,000,000 Shooter
25 Blasto Sega 4,000 4,000[38] $7,000,000 $34,000,000 [39] Shooter
26 Sky Raider Atari — — — — Shooter
LeMans Atari — — — — Racing
Meadows Lanes Meadows — — — — Sports
Bazooka PSE — — — — Shooter
Desert Patrol PSE — — — —

Home market[]

Best-selling hardware[]

Rank Title Company Unit sales Revenue (est.) Type Generation Ref
1 Mattel Football Mattel 900,000 $23,000,000 Handheld LED [40][41]
2 Simon Milton 750,000 $19,000,000 Handheld LED [42][43]
3 Color TV-Game 15 Nintendo 700,000 $39,000,000 Console First [44]
4 Mogura Tataki Bandai 550,000 $10,000,000 Handheld EM [45][46]
5 Color TV-Racing 112 Nintendo 500,000 $29,000,000 Console First [44]
6 Color TV-Game 6 Nintendo 500,000 $18,000,000
7 Play•O•Tronic Zanussi 470,000+ $16,000,000 Console First [47][48]
8 Atari VCS Atari 300,000 $54,000,000 Console Second [49][50]
9 Bandai Baseball Bandai 300,000 $9,000,000 Handheld LED [12]
10 Epoch TV Baseball Epoch 230,000 $20,000,000 Console First [44]
11 TRS-80 Tandy 150,000 N/A Computer 8-bit [51]
12 Fairchild Channel F Fairchild 50,000 $7,000,000 Console Second [50][52]
13 APF-MP1000 APF Electronics 50,000 $6,000,000 Console Second [53][50]
14 Commodore PET Commodore 30,000 $20,000,000 Computer 8-bit [51][54]
15 Bally Astrocade Bally Midway 28,000 $8,000,000 Console Second [55][56]
16 Apple II Apple 20,000 $30,000,000 Computer 8-bit [57][54]
17 TV Jack 5000 Bandai 10,000 $1,000,000 Console Second [58][44]
18 IMSAI 8080 IMSAI 5,000 $18,000,000 Computer 8-bit [54]
19 Altair 8800 MITS/Pertec 3,000 $12,000,000
Annual sales 14,638,000 $445,000,000
Handheld electronic games 11,680,000 $195,000,000
Game consoles 2,700,000 $250,000,000 [8]
Computers 258,000 N/A [51]

Best-selling software[]

Rank Title Platform Company Unit sales Gross (est.) Genre Ref
1 Combat Atari VCS Atari 300,000 $6,000,000 Shooter [50][59]
2 Hockey Channel F Fairchild 50,000 $1,000,000 Pong [50][60]
3 Tennis Channel F Fairchild 50,000 $1,000,000
4 Microchess Computers Micro-Ware 45,000 $980,000 Chess [61][62][20]

Notes[]

  1. ↑ Points = number of rankings
    • 500,000+ arcade cabinets / 348 points = 1,000+ arcade cabinets per point (est.)
    • 39,314 active medal games[19] / 82 rankings = 500 units per ranking (est.)
  2. ↑ Rank #1 = 3 points
    Rank #2 = 2 points
    Rank #3 = 1 point
  3. ↑ In 1978, Japanese arcades generated an estimated ¥400 billion ($1.9 billion) in gross revenue.[3] This includes an estimated $1.2 billion for Space Invaders alone. For other arcade games:
    • 534 points equivalent to $700 million = $1.31 million per point (est.)
  4. ↑ 数当てゲーム Sū Ate Gēmu
  5. ↑ 富士電子工業 Fuji Denshi Kōgyō
  6. ↑ TV ポー カー TV Pōkā
  7. ↑ シグマ Shiguma
  8. ↑ キャッスルテイク Kyassuru Teiku
  9. ↑ スーパーハイポイント Sūpā Hai Pointo
  10. ↑ パブコ Pabuko
  11. ↑ パチポット100 Pachipotto 100
  12. ↑ アポロ Aporo
  13. ↑ パイパイ 45 Paipai 45
  14. ↑ 大登工業 Daito Kōgyō
  15. ↑ バンクロバーズ Banku Robāzu
  16. ↑ ヒットメーカー Hittomēkā
  17. ↑ パブコ Pabuko
  18. ↑ VTR レース VTR Rēsu
  19. ↑ 富士電子工業 Fuji Denshi Kōgyō
  20. ↑ シグマ Shiguma
  21. ↑ 昭和遊園 Shōwa Yūen
  22. ↑ 鬼泣かせ
  23. ↑ ブラック エンペラー Burakku Enperā
  24. ↑ ワイプ
  25. ↑ おさるのかごや
  26. ↑ タッチアクション
  27. ↑ ビッグショット Biggu Shotto
  28. ↑ パブコ Pabuko
  29. ↑ ボナンザ・エンタープライゼス Bonanza Entāpuraizesu

References[]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 The Coin-Op Amusement Industry Year-By-Year: 1978
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Smith, Keith (2014-04-12). "The Golden Age Arcade Historian: The Coin-Op Amusement Industry Year-By-Year: 1978". The Golden Age Arcade Historian. Retrieved 2023-12-03.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Shibata, Yoko (June 28, 1979). "Electronic Games: Japan converts its Pachinko parlours". Financial Times.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 "Can Asteroids Conquer Space Invaders?" (PDF). Electronic Games. 1 (1): 30-33 (31). 1981. Retrieved February 1, 2012. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 "Special Feature: Marketing the World's Hottest Game". RePlay. April 1979.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Durham, Tony. “Space-age pirates in a battle of wits.” Sunday Times, 16 March 1980, p. 63
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 See Japan section
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 "Video Game Sales: 1972-1999". Gaming Alexandria. June 7, 2021.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1985. U.S. Government Printing Office. December 1984. p. 229.
  10. ↑ See Home market section
  11. ↑ Home Electronic Games & Computers. 1979. p. 45. Japan
    *Home video games retail sales
    mil units
    1977   1.1
    1978   1.5
    Japan
    *Home video games sales
    mil US$
    1976   2.1
    1977   12.8
    1978   28.4
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "昔(1970年代）のテレビゲームは何台売れた？ (How many old (1970s) video games sold?)". Classic Videogame Station Odyssey (CVS Odyssey) (in Japanese). 2014-01-09. Archived from the original on 2023-11-02. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
  13. ↑ "After Pong". ACE. No. 6 (published 4 February 1988). March 1988. pp. 29–32 (29).
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 https://allincolorforaquarter.blogspot.com/2013/11/video-game-myth-busters-space-invaders.html
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6 "What's new in games" (PDF). The Pizza Times. Vol. 2, no. 1. May 1980. p. 3.
  16. ↑ Sullivan, George (1983). "The First Big Hits". Screen Play: The Story of Video Games. F. Warne. pp. 38–47 (40). ISBN 978-0-7232-6251-0.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 "人気マシン・ベスト3" [Popular Machines: Best 3] (PDF). Game Machine (in Japanese). No. 113. Amusement Press, Inc. February 1979. pp. 2–3.
  18. ↑ "調査対象5年間のベスト1" [Best 1 of the 5 Years Surveyed] (PDF). Game Machine (in Japanese). No. 159. Amusement Press, Inc. 15 February 1981. p. 1.
  19. ↑ Smith, Alexander (2019-11-19). They Create Worlds: The Story of the People and Companies That Shaped the Video Game Industry, Vol. I: 1971-1982. CRC Press. p. 191. ISBN 978-0-429-75261-2.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 20.5 20.6 20.7 20.8 1977
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 "インベーダーブームのときの店舗比率 (Store Ratio During the Invader Boom)" (in Japanese). 2009-02-14.
  22. ↑ "Tsujimoto — Capcom's "Toy Maker" — Talks About Video Business & Video Philosophy" (PDF). RePlay. Vol. 11, no. 3. December 1985. pp. 85–90.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 1979
  24. ↑ "本紙アンケー 〜 ト調査の結果" [Paper Questionnaire: Results of the Survey] (PDF). Game Machine (in Japanese). No. 65. Amusement Press, Inc. 1 February 1977. pp. 2–3. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 14, 2021. Retrieved May 14, 2021.
  25. ↑ Smith, Alexander (2019-11-19). They Create Worlds: The Story of the People and Companies That Shaped the Video Game Industry, Vol. I: 1971-1982. CRC Press. p. 191. ISBN 978-0-429-75261-2.
  26. ↑ スピードレース
  27. ↑ Shimizu, Hiroshi; Etou, Manabu; Ikuine, Fumihiko; Shigihara, Morihiro (February 2019). "Tohru Iwatani, Oral History (2nd, 2): Game Development at Namco in the early days of Video Game History" (PDF). Hermes-IR: Research & Education Resources (in Japanese). Hitotsubashi University. Retrieved 2023-11-20. 販売さんが、「これは 5 千台売れる」とか「1 万台売れる」とか、あるいは営業のほうで、「ひとつのロケーションに何台入れようか？」とか、そんなような形で決まってくると (If the salesperson says, "This will sell 5,000 units," or "This will sell 10,000 units," or the sales person says, "How many units should we put in one location?" and so on.)
    その年によって、例えば『F-1』が出ているときは『F-1』がものすごい稼いでいましたが、まだそのときはナムコでビデオゲームを作ってない。 (Depending on the year, for example, when "F-1" was released, "F-1" was making a lot of money, but at that time Namco wasn't making video games yet.)
  28. ↑ https://search.artmuseums.go.jp/search_e/records.php?sakuhin=8063
  29. ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CM1X1kCC--Q
  30. ↑ 1976
  31. ↑ Smith, Alexander (19 November 2019). They Create Worlds: The Story of the People and Companies That Shaped the Video Game Industry, Vol. I: 1971–1982. CRC Press. pp. 119–20, 188–91. ISBN 978-0-429-75261-2.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 "Play Meter Survey Results (The 'Winners' of '78)" (PDF). Play Meter. Vol. 4, no. 21. November 15, 1978. pp. 18–25.
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Bloom, Steve (1982). Video Invaders. Arco Publishing. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-668-05520-8.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 34.3 34.4 34.5 Product: Total Build (PDF). Atari Games. 1999. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 10, 2013. Retrieved May 31, 2021.
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 Steven L. Kent (2000), The first quarter: a 25-year history of video games, BWD Press, p. 83, ISBN 0-9704755-0-0, retrieved 2011-04-09, Sea Wolf, which was another creation of Dave Nutting, did solid business, selling more than 10,000 machines. (A later color version sold an additional 4000 units.)
  36. ↑ https://www.worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Cash-Box/70s/1979/CB-1979-07-21.pdf#page=47
  37. ↑ Smith, Alexander (19 November 2019). They Create Worlds: The Story of the People and Companies That Shaped the Video Game Industry, Vol. I: 1971-1982. CRC Press. p. 262. ISBN 978-0-429-75261-2. Archived from the original on February 9, 2023. Retrieved March 4, 2021.
  38. ↑ "San Diego's Gremlin: how video games work". San Diego Reader. 1982-07-15. Retrieved 2020-10-25.
  39. ↑ "Classifieds" (PDF). Cash Box. 1978-11-11. p. 81.
  40. ↑ The Evening Independent. 22 December 1978.
  41. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20010803064542/www.forbes.com/2001/08/02/0802tentech.html
  42. ↑ "Business Week, Issues 2610-2618". Business Week. No. 2610–2618. 1979. p. 52. But Milton Bradley's Simon, last year's runaway hit, is expected to repeat its role this year. Michael J. Moone, vice-president of MB's game division, says it will sell about 1.5 million units of the brain-teasing game — or approximately twice the number sold in 1978.
  43. ↑ Edwards, Benj. "Simon Turns 30". 1UP. Archived from the original on 4 October 2012. Retrieved 4 April 2011.
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 44.2 44.3 First generation of video games
  45. ↑ Fact Book 2021 (PDF). Bandai Namco. 2021. pp. 3–6, 20–3. Archived from the original on 2021-10-18. Retrieved 3 December 2021.
  46. ↑ "元祖モグラたたきゲーム" [Original Mogura Tataki Game]. Bandai (in Japanese). Bandai Namco Holdings. Archived from the original on 2020-09-19. Retrieved 13 February 2022.
  47. ↑ "Riapre Sèleco, e la tv torna a parlare l'italiano". Tom's Hardware (in Italian). August 1, 2017. Retrieved January 12, 2022.
  48. ↑ "Zanussi - Ping-O-Tronic Advertisement". Pongmuseum.com. August 27, 2009. Archived from the original on April 27, 2014. Retrieved June 8, 2019.
  49. ↑ Rubin, Michael (2006). "Eighteen: A Hole in the Desert [1982–1983]" (PDF). Droidmaker: George Lucas and the Digital Revolution (PDF). Triad Publishing Company. pp. 291-314 (292-3). ISBN 978-0-937404-67-6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-01-03.
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 50.2 50.3 50.4 Second generation of video games
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 51.2 Reimer, Jeremy (2005-12-15). "Total share: 30 years of personal computer market share figures". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on June 7, 2012. Retrieved 2021-11-27.
  52. ↑ Kiplinger's Personal Finance. November 1978. p. 44.
  53. ↑ "The Imagination Machine - Georgia State University News -". Georgia State News Hub. 15 March 2018. Retrieved 6 May 2022.
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 54.2 Chronology of Personal Computers: 1978
  55. ↑ https://ballyalley.com/articles_and_news/Astrocade%20-%20One%20More%20Time%20(video%20games)(june%201983)(300dpi)(color).pdf
  56. ↑ https://duckduck.games/console-history
  57. ↑ "BYTE News... Radio Shack Has Over 50 Percent of Personal Computer Business". BYTE. Vol. 4, no. 5. May 1979. p. 117.
  58. ↑ https://www.computinghistory.org.uk/det/62887/Bandai-TV-Jack-5000/
  59. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=MJwcAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA95
  60. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=Tk80AAAAIBAJ&pg=PA74
  61. ↑ "Oral History of Peter Jennings". Computer History Museum. February 1, 2005. Retrieved July 27, 2023.
  62. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=y5c_AQAAIAAJ&dq=Microchess
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